Section 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis

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What are the three main difference between RNA and DNA?

1. The SUGAR in RNA is RIBOSE not DEOXYRIBOSE. 2. RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded. 3. RNA contains URACIL instead of THYMINE.

What is the one job in which most RNA molecules are involved in?

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

messenger RNA

carries copies of the instruction for assembling amino acids from DNA to the rest of the cell.

ribosomal RNA

a kind of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosome

transfer RNA

transfers each amino acid to the ribosme to help assemble proteins

How many strands of DNA does RNA POLYMERASE use as template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA?

ONE

What does RNA POLYMERASE bind to?

RNA POLYMERASE binds to DNA promoters, which have specific base sequences.

What are promoters?

Promoters are signals in RNA that indicate to RNA POLYMERASE when to begin TRANSCRIPTION.

Proteins are made BY joining _______ into long chains called POLYPEPTIDES.

Amino Acids

How can ONLY four bases in RNA carry instructions for 20 different amino acids?

The genetic code is read three letters at a time, so that each "word" of the coded message is three bases long.

What is a codon?

A codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides that SPECIFY a single amino acid that is to be added to the POLYPEPTIDE.

What is the number of possible three-base codons?

64

Are all amino acids specified from just one codon?

No, some amino acids can be specified from more than one codon.

What is the "start" codon for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?

AUG

What occurs during the process of translation?

During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

Where does translation take place?

CYTOPLASM ON A RIBOSOME

Is messenger RNA transcribed from DNA in the nucleus before translation occurs?

YES

What is the job of transfer RNA?

It is supposed to bring the proper amino acid into the ribosome to be attached to the growing peptide chain.

What happens when the ribosome reaches a stop codon?

It releases the NEWLY formed POLYPEPTIDE and the mRNA molecule into the CYTOPLASM.

What is an anticodon?

THE COMPLEMENTARY to one mRNA codon.

Many proteins are ______, which CATALYZE and regulate chemical reactions.

ENZYMES

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