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Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic |
semantic |
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What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? A. automatic processing |
memory |
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Encoding information occurs through ________. A. automatic processing and effortful storing |
automatic processing and effortful storing |
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Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic |
visual |
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. A. change the word "encoding" to the word "decoding" |
change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic" |
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The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. A. acoustic |
semantic |
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Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic |
acoustic |
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What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model |
self-reference effect |
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In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. A. encoded |
long-term |
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________ encoding is the encoding of images. A. acoustic |
visual |
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According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color |
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information |
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What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. explicit memories |
explicit memories |
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What is procedural memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced |
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things |
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________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. A. acoustic |
acoustic |
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The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding |
retrieval |
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According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. A. animals process memories the same way as people |
short-term memory itself has different forms |
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What is semantic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced |
knowledge about words, concepts, and language- based knowledge and facts |
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What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? A. effortful |
sensory |
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What are the two components of declarative memory? A. implicit and explicit |
semantic and episodic |
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Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem |
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory |
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Engram refers to the ________. A. emotional focus of a memory |
physical trace of a memory |
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Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. arousal theory |
arousal theory |
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Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? A. anterograde amnesia |
suggestibility |
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What is episodic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced |
information about events we have personally experienced |
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Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can’t remember the lyrics |
being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can’t remember the lyrics |
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Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself |
your first day of school |
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Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can’t remember the name of her first grade teacher’s dog and cat. This is an example of ________. A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model |
Atkinson-Shrffrin model |
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In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. A. declarative memory |
rehearsal |
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I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________. A. explicit memory |
explicit memory |
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Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once |
remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV |
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Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. A. how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself |
what the word chocolate means |
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When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit |
implicit |
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When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. encoding |
recognition |
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Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding? A. being able to remember the words to a song even when you can’t remember the tune |
thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind |
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Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory. A. how a cookie tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself |
how to use the phone |
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Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. A. effortless processing |
relearning |
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If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala |
amygdala |
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For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A. flashbulb memory |
flashbulb |
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Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory. A. arousal |
arousal |
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Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? A. Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. |
Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. |
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When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb |
retrograde;anterograde |
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People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories |
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories |
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Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. A. sexism |
suggestibility |
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Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. effortful processing |
encoding failure |
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Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. A. blocking |
transience |
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A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. A. egocentric |
hindsight |
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Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde |
anterograde |
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The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. A. coding; recoding |
construction;reconstruction |
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Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can’t remember where. A. distortion |
forgetting |
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Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can’t bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. A. bias |
bias |
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Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can’t, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A. active |
retroactive |
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Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? A. amygdala |
cerebellum |
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Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? A. John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. |
John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. |
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When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. A. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm |
misinformation effect paradigm |
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Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde |
retrograde |
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Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion |
intrusion |
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Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A. chunking |
chunking |
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Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? A. dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier |
using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes |
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Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? A. amygdala |
hippocampus |
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Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? A. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. |
Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. |
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Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can’t go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion |
distortion |
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Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. |
Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. |
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According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding |
semantic encoding |
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According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding |
semantic |
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Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. A. decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence |
modified the way witnesses are questioned |
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Which of the following statements about encoding is incorrect? A. Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex. |
Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. |
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. A. change the word "memory" to the word "neurotransmitter" |
change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory" |
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Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. A. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage |
memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running |
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What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? A. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus |
another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus |
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Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? A. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. |
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. |
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. A. change the word "conscious" to the word "unconscious" |
change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal" |
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How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. B. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. |
Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. |
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What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? A. The brain identifies color more readily than words. |
The brain’s reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. |
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory. A. change the word "episodic" to the word "implicit" |
change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative" |
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What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task? A. chunking effect |
equipotentiality hypothesis |
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Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? A. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. |
The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory. |
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Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states? A. memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size |
stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study |
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What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? A. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. |
If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. |
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. A. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" |
change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness" |
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What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? A. engrams |
Stroop Effect |
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