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Human Development |
The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death. |
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Longitudinal Design |
One group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. |
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Cross-Sectional Design |
A sample of people of varying ages are studied at one point in time. |
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Cross-Sequential |
Allows researches to combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies. |
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Nature |
The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions. |
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Nurture |
The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, a social interactions. |
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Behavioral Genetics |
A relatively new field which investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person’s personality and actions. |
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Genetics |
The science of heredity. |
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DNA |
A special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism. |
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Gene |
A section of DNA containing a sequence of amines. There are two kinds: Dominant and Recessive. |
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Dominant Genes |
Actively controls the expression of a trait. |
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Recessive Genes |
The less active gene. |
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Chromosomes |
Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contains genes. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs. |
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Genetic Problems |
If the disease is carried by a recessive gene, the the child has to inherit it from both parents. Examples are cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, tay-sachs, and phenylketonuria. |
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Chromosome Problems |
Down Syndrome-extra chromosome in 21’s pair. Klinefelter’s Syndrome-Sex chromosomes XXY male with reduced masculine characteristics. |
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Zygote and Twinning |
Egg and sperm unite. |
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Germinal Period |
First two weeks after fertilization the zygote implants in the uterus. |
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Embryonic Period |
2-8 weeks after conception, embryo is vulnerable to teratogens, development of the body and major organs. |
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Fetal Period |
8 weeks to birth, Fetus, the organs continue to develop, andd become functional and the body grows, mother feels movement. |
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Fertilization |
The union of the ovum and sperm. |
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Monozygotic Twins |
One fertilized egg and divides into identical zygotes |
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Dizygotic Twins |
Two eggs are fertilized genetically same as siblings. |
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Placenta |
A specialized organ provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby. |
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Critical Periods |
Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development. |
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Nicotine |
Lower birth weight and short stature. |
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Alcohol |
Smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. |
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Caffeine |
Miscarriage, low birth rate. |
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Marijuana |
Irritability nervousness, tremors; infant is easily disturbed,startled. |
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High Water Temperatures |
Increased chance on neural tube (develops into the spinal cord and brain) defects. |
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Rubella |
Blindness, deafness, heart defects and brain damage. |
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Touch |
______ is the most functional at birth. |
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Hearing |
_______ is functional before birth, (high and low pitches) |
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Taste |
_____ is also functional at birth. It can discriminate between their mothers milk scent and someone else’s within a few days after birth. |
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Vision |
______ is the least functional, 7-8 inches clear vision at birth. |
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Moro Reflex |
_______ is produced from a loud sound. |
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Motor Milestones |
Raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking. |
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Sensorimotor Stage |
Birth- 2yrs. Object permanence |
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Preoperational Stage |
2-7 yrs. At this stage a child is egocentric. |
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Concrete Operation |
7-11 yrs. Understand concrete concepts. |
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Formal Operations |
12- Adulthood. Able to understand abstract concepts. This is the creation of hypotheticals. |
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Social Cultural Interactions |
Interactions between and child and skilled people. |
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Scaffolding |
A more skilled person gives the learner more help at the beginning of the learning process and then begins to withdraw help as the learner’s skills. |
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Zone of Proximal Development |
The difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do with the help of a teacher. |
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Easy Temperament |
Regular schedule, adaptable to change, happy easily soothed. |
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Difficult Temperament |
Irregular schedules, unhappy, loud, and active. |
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Slow to warm up Temperament |
Less grumpy, quieter, and regular slow to adapt to change. |
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Temperaments |
______are relatively stable well into adulthood. |
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Attachment |
Emotional bond that forms between infant and a primary caregiver. |
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Secure Attachment |
Will look to caregiver for support and explore environment. |
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Avoidant Attachment |
Reacts very little to caregiver coming and going.. |
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Ambivalent Attachment |
Clinging and unwilling to explore. |
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Disorganized-disoriented Attachment |
Fearful and dazed and depressed look unsure what would happen from their caregiver. |
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Trust vs. Mistrust |
Birth- 1 yr. |
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Autonomy vs.Shame and Doubt |
1-3 yrs. Learns to direct own behavior and make decisions and act independently. |
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Industry vs. Inferiority |
5-12 yrs. Feels self-esteem from work and effort. |
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Identity vs. Role Confusion |
13- early 20’s. Forming close relationships. |
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Generativity vs. Stagnation |
40- 50’s. Give to future generations. |
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Ego Integrity vs. Despair |
60-Beyond. Looking back over life and evaluate if pleased or not (life review) |
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Puberty |
Sex characteristics develop. 12 for girls, 14 for boys. |
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Personal Fable |
Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm. |
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Imaginary Audience |
Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescents thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are. |
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Preconventional Morality |
Obedience to rules is because fear or punishment or rewards. |
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Conventional Morality |
Conforming to societies norms, or for others approval. Most adolescents are at this level. |
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Postconventional Morality |
Morals are guided by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms. |
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Parent-Teen Conflict |
Conflicts between adolescents and their parents tend to be over trivial things. On big moral issues, parents and teens tend to be in agreement. |
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The twenties |
____________ are a time of peak physical health. |
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The thirties |
____________ are a time of slight decline of vision and hearing. |
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Heart Disease |
Most common cause of death in middle adulthood. |
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Speed of Processing |
Declines during adulthood. |
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Authoritarian Parenting |
Parents are rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child.. |
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Authoritative Parenting |
Parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits. |
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Permissive Neglectful Parenting |
Parent are uninvolved; lack skills later in life. |
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Permissive Indulgent Parenting |
Parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without limits. Lack skills later in life. |
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Cellular–Clock Theory |
Cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce. |
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Wear-and-Tear Theory |
Bodies, organs, and cell tissues wear out. |
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Free-Radical Theory |
Free radicals are oxygen molecules that have an unstable electron and the older we are, the more free radicals there are. |
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Activity Theory |
The more active we are, the less we will lose. |
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Life Review |
People deal with mistakes, regrets, and unfinished business. |
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Stages of Death and Dying |
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance. |
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