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what was the dominant way of dealing with schizophrenic people during the first half of the 20th century |
institutionalized |
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the chief contribution of Philippe Pinel to the care of those with severe mental illnesses was to |
treat mentally ill as humans; this led to hospitals and then asylums |
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who was the first physician responsible for developing the prefrontal lobotomy for use on human patients |
Egas Moniz |
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the americans Walter Freeman and James Watts "improved" the procedure developed by Egas Monic by developing the |
transorbital lobotomy |
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one who had a needle inserted into the brain through the eye socket and then rotated in order to destroy brain tissue; experienced a |
transorbital lobotomy |
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why was lobotomy so enthusiastically accepted by the medical community in the 1940’s and 1950’s |
because it was practiced by eminent physicians |
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patients who developed extreme withdrawal, anger, physical aggressiveness, and loss of personal hygiene as a result of poor institutional care were showing a pattern known as |
… |
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the usual way of dealing with troublesome or violent schizophrenic people in institutions in the first half of the 20th century was to |
use physical restraints |
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long-term mental patients frequently developed anger, aggressiveness, and loss of interest in personal appearance. this condition has been called |
social breakdown syndrome |
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humanistic theorists propose that institutionalized patients deteriorate because they are deprived of opportunities to develop self-respect and independence. the therapy that counters this effect by creating an environment that encourages self-respect and responsibility is known as |
milieu therapy |
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which (humanistic) therapy is based on the premise that when you change the social environment you change the patient |
milieu therapy |
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Maxwell Jones created an approach to psychotherapy of the institutionalized in London called |
therapeutical community |
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a patient (called a resident) who lives in a therapeutic community and actively works with staff members to create a life that is as much like that outside the hospital as possible, is probably receiving ______ therapy |
milieu |
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a token economy approach to treatment is based on principles from the ______ view of abnormal behavior |
behavioral |
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what is the token in behavioral terms |
a reinforcer |
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what is the best example of a token in everyday life |
money |
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a third-grade teacher gives students stickers throughout the day when they engage in appropriate behaviors. at the end of the day, students can trade in their stickers for treats from the class "treasure chest". this program is most similar to which form of therapy used for institutionalized people with schizophrenia |
token economy |
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if you wanted the therapy that would be most likely to reduce your psychotic symptoms and get you out of the mental hospital, you would want |
milieu |
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if researchers/therapists said they wanted to five patients food and a comfortable bed only when they behaved appropriately, the researchers/therapists would probably be told by hospital administrators |
that’s illegal |
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what is the concern over the quality of the changes produced by token economies |
person learned new behaviors without changing distorted thinking |
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recent questions raised about the use of token economy programs in mental hospitals have been |
legal and ethical |
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the first antipsychotic drug to be approved for use in the US was |
thorazine |
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antipsychotic drugs were discovered accidentally when researchers were trying to develop |
antihistamine |
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the discovery of antihistamine drugs in the 1940s indirectly led to the development of |
antipsychotic drugs |
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the term neuroleptic is applied to drugs that |
can mimic symptoms of neurological disorders |
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very high dopamine activity is related to |
schizophrenic disorders |
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the neuroleptic action of many drugs appears to depend on the ability to interfere with the activity of |
dopamine |
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the schizophrenic symptom most likely to be relieved by antipsychotic drugs is |
delusions |
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if you could use only one treatments for schizophrenia and wanted the most effective treatment you should choose |
antipsychotic drugs |
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if a patient’s chart said the patient had extrapyramidal side effects, you would expect to see the patient showing primarily ______ dysfunction |
motor |
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studies of the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs indicate that |
there are substantial improvements and most do not get worse |
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the side effect of antipsychotic drugs, known as akathisia, is marked by |
great restlessness and discomfort of limbs |
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karen has been taking chlorpromazine for 25 years. lately she has been quite restless and agitated. she complains of soreness in her joints and fatigue from moving all the time. her condition would probably be diagnosed as |
agathesia |
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very low dopamine activity is related to |
Parkinson’s disease |
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one of the unwanted and delayed side effects of antipsychotic medications is |
tardive dyskinesia |
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the neuroleptic side effects marked by muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and autonomic dysfunction is called |
neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
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after starting treatment with antipsychotic drugs, tardive dyskinesia typically requires at least _____ to develop |
a year |
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donna has been treated with chlorpromazine for several years. lately she seems to be chewing gum all the time and her arms are always in motion. she has begun to display twitches and she has a facial tic. this is an example of |
tardive dyskinesia |
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the proportion of patients taking antipsychotic medication who eventually develop tardive dyskinesia is closest to |
10% |
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the most successful way to eliminate tardive dyskinesia is |
to stop taking the drug |
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if you were working with a patient who displayed muscle tremors and rigidity, dystonia, and akathisia, you would suspect that the person was receiving |
antipsychotic drugs |
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an elderly patient who is taking antipsychotic drugs and shows signs of muscle rigidity, fever, altered state of consciousness, and improper autonomic functioning is probably experiencing |
neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
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researchers study a group of people with schizophrenia who receive just enough of a conventional antipsychotic drug to receive about 90% of the drug’s positive effect. about how much of the drug’s extrapyramidal side effects also will emerge |
over 50% |
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researchers study a group of people with schizophrenia who receive just enough of an atypical drug to receive about 90% of the drug’s positive effect. about how much of the drug’s extrapyramidal side effects also will emerge |
almost none |
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why aren’t atypical antipsychotic drugs universally prescribed for people with schizophrenia? after all, more people with schizophrenia show improvement with atypical antipsychotic drugs than with conventional antipsychotics |
atypical usually costs more |
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clozapine has one potentially dangerous side effect. it is |
… |
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why do some therpists believe psychotherapy is unsuccessful in treating schizophrenia |
too far recovered to form relationships needed |
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Frieda Fromm-Reichmann’s approach to psychotherapy will schizophrenic patients was to |
become a normal part of their life and therefore gain their trust |
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what is a primary technique that insight therapists use to treat schizophrenia |
challenging patients statements |
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family therapy is an important therapy option for people with schizophrenia because |
they feel good towards family |
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every time you hear about a person who is schizophrenic being arrested for committing a violent crime, remind yourself that, according to the research, people who are schizophrenic are |
less than 1/5 commit violent crimes than are victims of violent crimes |
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the goal of family therapy is to |
help recovery in a familiar environment |
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if you and your family were receiving support, encouragement, and advice from other families with schizophrenic members, you would most likely be participating in |
family therapy |
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what’s the focus of social therapy in treating schizophrenia |
maintenance of problem solving and decision making skills |
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a patient who received help in finding work, in finding a place to live, and in taking medication correctly is probably receiving |
social therapy |
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programs designed to help people recovering from schizophrenia to handle daily pressure, make proper decisions, handle social situations, and make residential and vocational adjustments are called |
assertive community treatments |
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the approximate number of patients in state mental institutions in the early 1950s was about |
600,000 |
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the "revolving door" syndrome in the treatment of mental illness refers to |
repeatedly releasing and readmitting patients |
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since the 1950s, deinstitutionalization has led to a significant change in the number of patients in state institutions. the approximate number is now |
60,000 |
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in the original Community Mental Health Act, the coordination agency was supposed to be the |
… |
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Tory lives at home but spends his day at a mental health facility. the facility might be described as providing |
partial hospitalization |
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Helen was just discharged from a public mental health facility. she went to live with a group of other former patients in a group-living arrangement. there were staff members to help out but the former patients controlled most of the day to day activities. Helen’s living arrangements is a |
community approach |
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several people with schizophrenia work at a recycling center, where on time behavior is expected, and payment is made solely for work completed. the people do not compete with each other. most likely this work takes place at a |
sheltered workshop |
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according to the research, what should be done to improve community treatment for people with schizophrenia? your best answer is |
provide more service and dispense it better |
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schizophrenics who also have substance-abuse disorders are assigned a case worker who makes sure they know about and can use whatever is available to support them. they are receiving |
coordinates services |
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about what percent of schizophrenics receive treatment in a given year |
40-60% |
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the person most responsible for coordinating community service and providing practical help with problem-solving social skills, and medication is a |
case manager |
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MICA stands for |
mentally ill chemical abusers |
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today the financial burden of providing community treatment for persons with long-term severe disorders often falls on |
the state |
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SRO— "standing room only"—- may be a good thing for a play producer on opening night, but to many people with schizophrenia, SRO means |
living alone in single room |
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a homeless person approaches you on a city street corner. the change it is a person with schizophrenia is about |
33% |
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if you went to a meeting of a group lobbying for better care for the mentally ill and made up primarily of family members of people with severe mental disorders, you would probably be attending |
national alliance for the mentally ill |
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what proportion of homeless persons are estimated to suffer from severe mental disorders |
1/3 |
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about what percent of people who experience schizophrenia recover permanently and completely from the disorder |
25% |
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a little over a hundred years ago, Kraepelin guessed that about one in eight of those with schizophrenia improved. today the number of those who recover completely, plus the number of those who return to relatively independent lives is about |
1 in 2 |
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