|
The use of punishers is so common that _______ concluded that "The world runs on fear." a. Jack Nicholson |
C |
|
The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by _________ .
a. Thorndike |
A |
|
Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says "Mithithippi" or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, "Idiot!" However, there is no evidence that Evelyn’s efforts to reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that ______. a. Charles’s behavior is due to a neurological problem |
B |
|
If Charles Catania’s thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except _______. a. a behavior must have a consequence |
B |
|
Negative punishment is also sometimes called ______ training.
a. escape |
B |
|
Positive punishment is most often confused with _______. a. negative punishment |
B |
|
The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that _______.
a. something is added |
A |
|
In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n) _________.
a. asbestive |
D |
|
If a rat receives a shock each time it presses a lever, but not otherwise, we can say that _______.
a. the rate of lever pressing will decrease, then increase |
C |
|
Harriet hears a noise in the kitchen and investigates. She finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and 5-year-old Willy standing nearby. Harriet knows what happened, but asks Willy anyway. Willy admits that he broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Harriet gives Willy a spanking. Willy is most likely to learn from this experience that _______. a. it doesn’t pay to tell the truth |
A |
|
Delaying delivery of a punisher is most likely to ______. a. reduce its effectiveness |
A |
|
David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in _______. a. slightly greater response suppression |
C |
|
David Camp and colleagues found that even a delay of only _____ reduced the effectiveness of a punisher.
a. 2 seconds |
A |
|
Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the _______. a. less it suppresses behavior |
B |
|
When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in _______. a. violent outbursts from Jacob |
C |
|
All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except _______. a. using strong punishers |
D |
|
Research has shown that abnormal behavior is often _______ . a. the result of unconscious urges |
B |
|
The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves ___________. a. positive and negative reinforcement |
B |
|
The one-process theory of punishment goes back to ________. a. Thorndike |
A |
|
Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable’s approach is best described as an example of _______.
a. response prevention |
A |
|
When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher’s first step should be to ______. a. have the child tested by the school psychologist |
D |
|
One problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is that _________. a. the behavior on extinction sometimes increases at first |
A |
|
Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with ______.
a. punishment |
C |
|
Of the following procedures, the one that reinforces behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the unwanted behavior is ______.
a. DRZ |
B |
|
Of the following procedures, the one that focuses on reducing the rate at which a behavior occurs is ________. a. DRZ |
C |
|
Murray Sidman’s book on aversive control, including punishment, is called ______. a. Coercion and Its Fallout |
A |
|
The term punishment, as used by behavior scientists, has nothing to do with retribution |
T |
|
Positive punishment necessarily involves aversives |
T |
|
In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed. |
F |
|
Frequent use of weak punishers is more effective than occasional use of intense punishers. |
F |
|
Abnormal behavior may persist despite aversive consequences because it also produces reinforcing consequences. |
T |
|
When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior. |
T |
|
One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining reinforcement. |
T |
|
An early theory of punishment proposed that response suppression occurred because aversives disrupt ongoing behavior. |
T |
|
Although punishment can have negative side effects, there is evidence that it can also have positive side effects. |
T |
|
Positive and negative punishment have in common that they both ________ the frequency of behavior. |
weaken/reduce |
|
The main difference between positive and negative punishment is that in negative punishment a stimulus is_________. |
removed |
|
When aversive events occur independently of behavior they are called _______ . |
non-contingent |
|
The one process in the one-process theory of punishment is ________. |
operant learning |
|
the more ? a punisher, the more it ? the rate of behavior |
intense, reduces |
|
the ? the level of reinforcer deprivation, the ? effective a punisher is |
higher, less |
|
the 2 processes of the the two-process theory are ? and ? |
pavlovian conditioning and operant learning |
|
in differential reinforcement, an unwanted behavior (or rate of behavior) is placed on ? and a more desirable behavior is ? |
extinction, reinforced |
|
in a DRL 10 schedule, the effect of pressing a lever after eight seconds is to ? |
delay reinforcement |
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