PPOLIT-SI 102 All hw

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A two-thirds vote in both chambers of Congress is necessary to	override a Presidential veto.
Appropriations are the	amounts of money, approved by Congress in statutes, that each unit or agency can spend.
Congress is a bicameral legislature, which means that its members are divided between the	House of Representatives and Senate.
Historically, the most important arenas of congressional policy making have been	standing committees.
How can a bill become a law without the signature of the president?	if the House and Senate override the president’s veto through a two-thirds majority
If the House and Senate pass different versions of a piece of legislation, the differences will be resolved	in a conference committee.
In Congress, seniority—the length of time one has served in the House or Senate—usually determines	committee chairs.
In recent years, the use of the filibuster and cloture in the U.S. Senate	has increased to record levels.
Members of the House of Representatives that are making voting decisions are most likely to listen to the interest groups that	are connected to the constituents in the member’s district.
Pork barrel legislation is a form of ____ in which Members of Congress ____.	patronage; secure direct benefits for their districts or states
Presidential power to make treaties and to appoint top executive officers, ambassadors, and federal judges is subject to	the Senate’s advice and consent power.
The Speaker of the House is the	leader of the majority party.
The president pro tempore in the Senate is ____ the majority and minority leaders.	less powerful than
The process of redrawing legislative district boundary lines to provide political advantage or disadvantage is known as	gerrymandering.
What is a reason that House members are more attuned to the legislative needs of local interest groups than members of the Senate?	House members need to seek re-election more frequently.
What is the primary concern of the majority of private bills introduced in Congress?	obtaining citizenship for foreign nationals
What is the purpose of select committees?	to highlight or investigate a particular issue
What was decided by the Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission?	It allowed outside groups and individuals to spend unlimited amounts of money on elections.
What would be the closest Senate counterpart to the House Ways and Means Committee?	the Senate Finance Committee
Which of the following statements about congressional polarization is accurate?	The Republican Party has experienced the greatest ideological shift in recent years.
Which type of representation occurs when representatives have the same racial, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents?	sociological
Who holds the "power of recognition" in the Senate?	the majority leader
____ is the formal charge by the House of Representatives that a government official has committed "Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors."	Impeachment
Which of the following was a new restriction on lobbying, enacted in 2007?	The individual contributors to a "bundled" donation by lobbyists will now have been disclosed
Which of the following are external sources of influence on Congressional policies?	interest-group coalitions and presidential proposals
Why is it so rare for a bill to be defeated in the floor vote in the House or Senate?	Leadership makes sure that they have enough votes for passage before bringing it into vote
Which of the following is a power granted to the Senate but not to the House?	the power to approve treaties
Why are positions on the Senate and House Appropriations Committees so desirable to members of Congress?	They provide the opportunity for credit claiming as members bring projects to their own districts. Positions on these committees give control over major entitlement programs such as Social Security.
How is a chair chosen for each of the committees in Congress?	by seniority, with occasional exceptions based on new policies
Which of the following statements about the nature of party unity in voting is accurate?	It remains common for the majority of one party to oppose the majority of the other party on most issues.
Senate	length of term is six years, at least nine years of citizenship is required, and both local and statewide constituency. Environment and Public Works and Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee. convicts or acquits the individual charged, involves a vote requiring a two-thirds majority
House	variable number representing each state and minimum age of member is 25 years. Ethics and Ways and Means Committee. involves a vote requiring a simple majority, initiates the impeachment process, and charges an individual with "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"
Party unity votes reached a 60-year high in 2010 in the ___. The years after 1990 were characterized by a much greater degree of ___ than were the years prior to 1970. The year 1970 was marked by relatively weak __	Senate; partisan polarization; party leadership
In either chamber, after the bill passes committee, it goes to ___. Later, after a Hearings Committee markup, in the House it goes to the __, and in the Senate it goes to the ___. On the Senate side, after a bill passes the Senate floor the first time, it goes to the ___	subcommittee; Rules Committee; majority leader; Speaker of the House.
Which of the following statements best describes a case of sociological representation?	An African-American woman votes for an African-American congressional candidate of similar age, who is then elected.
Which of the following statements about Congress’s oversight capacity is accurate?	Congressional committees may investigate a program and choose to change or eliminate it.
Which of the following statements about the committee deliberation of a bill is accurate?	Floor action on bills cannot proceed without deliberation by the committee that has jurisdiction.
Choose all of the following ways in which the House Ways and Means Committee (a standing committee) is comparable to the joint committee that deals with taxation.	Both have chairpersons usually chosen based on seniority. They are both permanent committees.
If a member of Congress chooses to vote against his or her party, what can the party do to sanction that member?	take away access to leadership PAC funds, take away access to speak on the floor, remove favorable committee assignments
Choose all of the following ways in which party unity in the House differs from party unity in the Senate.	Whip action in the House plays a more crucial role than in the Senate. Party unity is typically greater in the House. Senate leadership has fewer formal tools to gain loyalty from members than does House leadership.
How was the uncharacteristic dip in incumbency reelection for Republicans in 2006 similar to the dip in incumbency reelection for Democrats in 2010?	The two dips were issue-based; dissatisfaction with foreign policy led to Republican losses, and dissatisfaction with the economy led to Democratic losses.
Pass a bill	51 senate votes needed
Invoke colture	60 senate votes needed
Overturn presidential veto	67 senate votes needed
The __ alone has the right to approve or deny the president’s appointments of __. Approval for these nominees requires a __.	Senate; federal judges; simple majority
Private Bill	A member of Congress writes a bill that exempts a constituent from Medicaid limits for one year. A representative introduces a bill that grants citizenship to an immigrant so that she can attend a state university.
Pork Barrel	A congressman inserts language into a bill that builds a bridge with federal money. Several representatives earmark money in an economic stimulus bill for projects in their district.
Which of the following are accurate regarding the leadership positions in the Senate and House?	The majority leader in the Senate holds a higher position of power than does the majority leader in the House. The House has more party leadership positions than does the Senate.
House impeachment process	initiates the impeachment process, involves a vote requiring a simple majority, and charges an individual with "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"
Senate impeachment process	involves a vote requiring a two-thirds majority and convicts or acquits the individual charged
Political polarization in Congress seemed to reach a new high-water mark with the 113th Congress. Which of the following are consequences of this polarization?	a new record for the single least productive congressional year, government shutdown over budget battles, an impasse over the Affordable Care Act, and lowest recorded level of public confidence in Congress
The process of apportionment occurs every __ years and may grant additional seats to those states with __. The process of redistricting is controlled by the majority party in the __. The process of __ occurs as part of redistricting and may intentionally give power to a specific political or demographic group.	ten; population growth; state legislature; gerrymandering
How does the leadership’s control of floor debate in the House differ from the leadership’s control of floor debate in the Senate?	The House minority leader on a committee grants a member 30 minutes to speak on the bill. In the Senate, the leadership could not limit the speaker’s time to 30 minutes.
Rank the House leadership positions in level of power, starting with most powerful.	Speaker of the House, House majority leader, majority whip, and chief deputy majority whip
How did the ruling of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission affect the public perception of Congress?	It increased public belief that Congress is overly influenced by special interests.
Which of the following statements about what congressional staff do is accurate?	draft legislation, develop policy proposals, organize hearings, and negotiate with lobbyists
In Shelby County v. Holder, the__ was weakened when it was decided that the __ no longer had to validate a state’s redistricting plan if that state had a history of racial discrimination.	Voting Rights Act; Department of Justice
Which of the following, according to the new rules of 2013, are free from the threat of filibuster?	executive branch nominees and federal court nominees
Choose all of the major reasons for why Congress has become more politically polarized in recent years.	mobilization of conservative interest groups, gerrymandering, and population clustering
How has impeachment been influenced by constitutional language in U.S. history?	The vague "high Crimes and Misdemeanors" clause has allowed the process to be used for political reasons.
House Only	debate time allocated by bill sponsor and processing by Rules Committee
House and Senate	undergoes debate in subcommittee and bill dies in committee
Senate Only	cloture vote and filibuster
district as a whole	obtaining federal projects
organized interests	making promotional speeches and helping secure favorable tax status
individual constituents	answering complaints and solving problems with government agencies
Which of the following statements regarding conference committees is accurate?	Successful conference committee reports are generally true compromises.
Congressional __ committees were tasked with investigating Watergate, the Iran-Contra affair, and the Whitewater scandal.	select
Joint Committee	contains four permanent committees that cannot report legislation
Select Committee	temporary; designed to investigate a particular issue
Standing Committee	typically match issue focus of an executive branch agency and source of most important congressional policymaking
Conference Committee	members appointed by the Speaker of the House and the presiding officer of the Senate
Which of the following characteristics were most likely to describe a Senator in 2013?	white, Protestant, and holds a law degree
What type of bills can be introduced only in the House of Representatives?	bills involving the spending or raising of revenues
Party unity votes reached a 60-year high in 2010 in the __. The years after 1990 were characterized by a much greater degree of __ than were the years prior to 1970. The year 1970 was marked by relatively weak__.	Senate; partisan polarization; party leadership
Because they have larger and more heterogeneous constituencies, senators	can better represent the national interest
Which type of representation is described when constituents have the power to hire and fire their representative?	agency representation
Which of these is an advantage in getting re-elected afforded by incumbency?	incumbents can provide constituency services during their tenure
Some have argued that the creation of minority congressional districts has	made it more difficult for minorities to win substantive policy goals
One way members of congress can work as agents of their constituents is by	providing direct patronage
Which of the following types of committees includes members of both the House and the Senate on the same committee?	conference committee
Which of the following is a technique that can be used to block action on legislation in the Senate?	filibuster
Which of the following is not an important influence on how members of Congress vote on legislation?	the media
Which of the following is not a resource that party leaders in Congress use to create party discipline?	roll-call votes
An agreement between members of Congress to trade support for each other’s bills is known as	logrolling
When Congress conducts an investigation to explore the relationship between what a law intended and what an executive agency has done, it is engaged in	oversight
Which of the following statements about impeachment is not true?	the president is the only official who can be impeached by Congress
A line-item veto allows	the governor to reject any single item in an appropriations or budget bill
Proposition 140	limits the time that legislature can serve in Sacramento
The legislature is composed of	80 members in the Assembly and 40 in the Senate
A two-thirds vote is needed to pass	tax bills
Partisanship in the legislature	has increased in recent years
The powers of the speaker of the California Assembly include al of the following except	the power to assign members to committees but not to remove them during the current term
Proposition 140 resulted in all of the following except	an increase in office budgets
The legislative process is biased in favor of	change that interest groups favor
California has some of the largest legislative districts in the nation. This means that	elections in California tend to be expensive
Term limits have resulted in which of the following:	a decline in the knowledge needed to pass good-quality legislation
agency representation	a type of representation in which a representative is held accountable to a constituency if he or she fails to represent that constituency properly; this is incentive for good representation when the personal backgrounds, views, and interests of the representative differ from those of his or her constituency
apportionment	the process, occurring after every decennial census, that allocates congressional seats among the 50 seats
appropriations	the amounts of money approved by Congress in statutes (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend
bicameral	having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; distinguished from unicameral
bill	a proposed law that has been sponsored by a member of Congress and submitted to the clerk of the House or Senate
cloture	a rule or process in a legislative body aimed at ending debate on a given bill; in the U.S. Senate, 60 senators (three-fifths) must agree in order to impose a time limit and end debate
conference committees	joint committees created to work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation
conference	a gathering of House Republicans every two years to elect their House leaders; Democrats call their gathering the caucus
constituency	the residents in the area from which an official is elected
filibuster	a tactic used by members of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down; once given the floor, senators have unlimited time to speak, and it requires a vote of three-fifths of the senate to end a filibuster
gerrymandering	the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party
impeachment	the formal charge by the House of Representatives that a government official has committed "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"
incumbency	holding the political office for which one is running
joint committees	legislative committees formed of members of both the House and the Senate
logrolling	a legislative practice whereby agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against a bill; vote trading
majority leader	the elected leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate; in the House, the majority leader is subordinate in the party hierarchy to the Speaker of the House
minority leader	the elected leader of the minority party in the House or Senate
oversight	the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigators, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agency
party unity vote	a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50 percent of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50 percent of the members of the other party
patronage	the resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses, or special favors to supporters
pocket veto	a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session
pork barrel legislation (or pork)	appropriations made by legislation bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win re-election in their home districts
private bill	a proposal in Congress to provide a specific person with some kind of relief, such as a special exemption from immigration quotas
redistricting	the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives; this happens every 10 years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges to existing districts
roll-call vote	a vote in which each legislators yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically
select committees	(usually) temporary legislative committees set up to highlight or investigate a particular issue or address an issue not within the jurisdiction of existing committees
seniority	the ranking given to an individual on the basis of length of continuous service on a committee in Congress
sociological representation	a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. It is based on the principle that if two individuals are similar in background, character, interests, and perspectives, then one can correctly represent the other’s views
Speaker of the House	the chief of presiding officer of the House of Representatives; the Speaker is the most important party and House leader, and can influence the legislative agenda, the fate of individual pieces of legislation, and members’ positions within the House
standing committees	a permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or agriculture
term limits	legally prescribed limits on the number of terms an elected official can serve
veto	the president’s constitutional power to prevent a bill from a becoming a law; a presidential veto may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress
whip	a party member in the House or Senate responsible for coordinating the party’s legislative strategy, building support for key issues, and counting votes
From the end of the Civil War to the 1890s, the Republican Party remained the party of	the north
Richard Nixon’s ____ strategy was aimed at attracting white southerners to the Republican Party.	southern
The ____ was promoted by Progressive reformers at the turn of the twentieth century in hopes of weakening the power of party leaders.	primary system
The first party system in the United States pitted the Federalists, supported mainly by ____ against the Jeffersonian Republicans, supported mainly by ____.	merchants; agrarian interests
Which of the following differentiates an interest group from a political party?	An interest group seeks to influence government policies, whereas a party attempts to win elections.
Which political party was formed from a coalition of antislavery forces?	Republican Party
Why did Republicans spend much more effort building a party apparatus than Democrats in the fifty years prior to 2004?	They held a minority status in the electorate.
An election system that allocates to each political party representation in the legislature equal to its percentage of the total vote is called a ____ system.	proportional representation
Democrats are the plurality party in California.	True
The number of voters who decline to state a party affiliation at the time they register is declining in California.	False
Most of the Democratic counties encompass major urban areas, whereas most of the Republican counties are more rural in nature.	True
California has a proportional representation electoral system for state and local elections.	False
A ____ is a nonprofit independent group that receives and disburses funds to influence elections.	527 committee
A recent comprehensive study of the decline in political participation in the United States found that half of the drop-off could be accounted for by	reduced mobilization efforts.
In the case of Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court ruled that	there could be no limits placed on candidates’ expenditure of their own funds, since such spending is considered free speech. the right of individuals to spend their own money to campaign is constitutionally protected
Nonprofit groups that also engage in issue advocacy and are allowed to spend up to half of their revenue for political purposes are called	501c(4) committees.
Presidential primary elections are held to select	state delegates to the national conventions.
The Electoral College is composed of	presidential electors from each state who cast ballots for president and vice president.
The ____ is an example of indirect voting in national elections.	Electoral College
The party that holds the majority of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives selects the	Speaker of the House.
What is a closed primary?	an election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to Election Day
Which of the following is a relatively recent barrier to voting that is now in place in 31 out of the 50 states?	the requirement to provide proof of identity
Who is the incumbent?	the current officeholder, running for re-election
Why was Mitt Romney an early frontrunner for the Republican nomination in 2012?	superior organization and funding
____ refers to an individual’s right to vote.	Suffrage
In the 2012 Presidential election, how many states were considered "battleground" states, because they were neither safely Democratic or Republican states?	8
The biggest issue in the 2012 Presidential elections was	the economy
In the 2012 presidential election, public funding was	was declined by both major-party candidates
Which of the following is a way to register to vote in California	Obtain a voter registration form from any post office or library and return it to the Registrar of Voters. Obtain a voter registration from from any DMV and return it to the Registrar of Voters. register to vote on-line. Obtain and complete a voter registration form at the Registrar of Voters
What proportion of California voters voted by mail in the 2012 election?	51%
Which of the following is NOT a reason why political campaigns for office are more expensive in California than in most other states?	high proportion of Latino/a voters
Proposition 14 mandated the __________ system for state legislative and congressional seats as well as for statewide offices, such as governor and attorney general.	top-two vote getters blanket primary
The Campaign Disclosure Project conducted by UCLA in 2008, gave a(n) _____ grade to California for its laws requiring public disclosure of campaign financing.	A
The most important predictor of vote choice is	partisan identification
The most important predictor of voter turnout is	education
California is one of _________ states in the United States that allows initiatives on the ballot.	24
Under current law, California is best described as having a ____________________ presidential primary election.	semi-closed (or modified) primary
Turnout for midterm elections in the United States is about what percent of eligible voters?	33%
The outcome of which of the following races is most likely to be decided by voters’ party ties?	a state legislature race
In the run up to the 2014 elections, the Democratic Party held the presidency but was in the minority in Congress. What two competing goals did the national Democratic Party have to reconcile?	supporting the party in congressional elections and supporting the president’s legislative agenda
The Whig Party emerged from the ___ Party in the second party system. By the end of the third party system, the Whigs had largely been subsumed by the __ Party.	Federalist; Republican
Which of the following tend to boost turnout in competitive elections?	Voters are more interested in competitive elections. Voters know about the candidates in competitive elections.
Which groups are allowed to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money, as long as they are not coordinating with a candidate’s campaign?	Super PACs and political parties
Which of the following statements best characterizes people’s attachments to political parties?	Party attachments tend to be stable emotional and rational ties
Presidential debates tend to attract a __ audience, result in __ swings in public opinion, and have __ in the electoral outcome.	Wide; short-term; little impact
ballot initiative	present in 24 states and allows citizens to place proposed law directly on ballot
referendum	present in 50 states and state legislature refers laws to voters for popular vote
Within each demographic group (gender, age, race, and class) in the following chart, identify which members of the group tend to have the greatest proportion of support for the Republican Party.	Gender: Men, Age: 65 and over, Race: White, Income: $50,000-74,999 and >$75,000, Ideology: Conservative, Education: Some college
Which states did Obama and Romney primarily focus on in their campaigns?	Florida, Ohio, and Virginia
Party organizers often have a __ time recruiting political candidates, due to the __ of campaign fundraising.	difficult; importance
McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission (2014)	Limits on individuals’ campaign contributions were removed.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)	Government could not restrict independent expenditures by corporations.
When citizens are voting in presidential elections, who does their vote go to directly?	Presidential electors
Which of the following roles do political parties traditionally serve?	promote the group’s issues, recruit candidates for office, get loyal party members to vote, and influence government policies
To prevent voters from splitting between two candidates from the same party in a general election, political parties take which of the following actions?	hold nomination races
more likely to vote	whites, party identifiers, and older people
less likely to vote	Latinos, independents, and younger people
When is party identification most likely to influence a person’s vote choice?	when that person is unfamiliar with the issues, when that person knows little about the candidates, and when that person is voting on state legislative candidates
As of 2014, how much money can an individual donate to one candidate in one election?	$2,600
Which two (possibly contradictory) statements best reflect the current state of parties in the electorate?	There are more independent voters now than ever before. Party identification has gotten stronger among active voters.
How do parties influence the committee system?	Membership depends on the percentage of seats held by the party. Transfer from one committee to another requires party authorization.
The 2012 Republican presidential primary, which saw candidates ranging from Mitt Romney to Michele Bachmann to Herman Cain all enter the race, serves as evidence of which of the following statements?	There are several ideological factions within the Republican Party.
Which of the following electoral regulations in the United States have an impact on turnout?	requiring a photo ID before voting, election day falling on a weekday, requiring voter registration before voting, and holding different elections at different times of the year
Which of the following significant authorities is able to regulate the rules of elections and access to the ballot?	the state legislatures
Which group was the primary election system introduced to weaken?	Party Leaders
Which of the following statements are correct regarding the stability of party identification?	Individuals rarely change their party identification. Looking at the electorate as a whole, party identification is stable.
Why do third parties often live short lives?	The major parties absorb their programs.
The "New Deal" Coalition that developed in the 1930s system was eventually undone by conflicts over which of the following issues?	civil rights and the Vietnam War
Which of the following statements regarding online participation is correct?	Political participation online is likely to increase offline participation. Online participation has made political participation easier. Young voters are more likely to use social media for political participation.
Registration requirements tend to reduce voting among which of the following groups?	young and poorly educated
The winner of the electoral vote __ matches the winner of the popular vote.	often
What happens during an electoral realignment?	A new party supplants the ruling party
Traditionally, ___ were the leaders in voter registration activity. More recently, ___ have taken a more active role.	political parties; civic groups
Winners of __ elections go on to face each other in the __ election.	primary; general
Which of the following characterizations of turnout trends are correct?	Turnout dropped during the 1960s and 1970s. More people vote in presidential elections than in midterm elections. Turnout rates in 2012 were comparable to turnout rates in the 1920s.
Traditionally, political parties influenced elections by __. More recently, political parties influence elections by __.	controlling candidate nominations; distributing campaign funds.
Why did Barack Obama and Mitt Romney both decline public funding in 2012?	They could raise and spend far more money on their own
If Joe Smith, a registered Republican voter, is allowed to vote in the Democratic primary, he must live in a state that uses which type of primary system?	open primary
Which form of political participation is most common in the United States?	voting a general election
Which statements are accurate regarding campaign expenditures in 2012?	The Obama campaign outspent the Romney campaign. The campaigns primarily spent money on advertising
In recent elections, which of the following four factors is the single most important factor in predicting whether an individual will vote?	education
A political party is different from an interest group in that a political party	seeks to control the entire government by electing its members to office and thereby controlling the government’s personnel
Parties today are important in the electoral process in	recruiting and nominating candidates for office
Which party was founded as a political expression of the antislavery movement?	Republican
The periodic episodes in American history in which an "old" dominant political party is replaced by a "new" dominant political party are called	electoral realignments
Third parties have influenced national politics mainly by	promoting specific issues and ideas
Which of the following is not a form of traditional political participation?	uploading a political video to YouTube
Which of the following factors is not currently an obstacle to voting in the United States?	literacy tests
Partisan loyalty	is often handed down from parents to children
ballot initiative	a proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote
closed primary	a primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to primary day
divided government	the condition in American government wherein the presidency is controlled by one party while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress
electoral college	the presidential electors from each state who meet after the popular election to cast ballots for president and vice president
electoral realignment	the point in history when a new party supplants the ruling party, becoming in turn the dominant political force in the united states, this has tended to occur roughly every 30 years
527 committees	nonprofit independent groups that receive and disburse funds to influence the nomination, election, or defeat of candidates; named after Section 527 of the internal Revenue Code, which defines and provides tax-exempt status for nonprofit advocacy groups
general election	a regularly scheduled election involving most districts in the nation or state, in which voters select officeholders; in the United States, general elections for national offices are held on the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November in even-numbered years (every four years for presidential elections)
incumbent	a candidate running for re-election to a position that he or she already holds
majority party	the party that holds the majority of legislative seats in either the House or the Senate
minority party	the party that holds a minority of legislative seats in either the House or the Senate
mobilization	the process by which large numbers of people are organized for a political activity
nomination	the process by which political parties select their candidates for election to public office
open primary	a primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election
party identification	an individual voters psychological ties to one party or another
political action committee (PAC)	a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns
political parties	organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices
primary elections	elections to select a party’s candidate for the general election
proportional representation	a multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote
recall	a procedure to allow voters to remove state officials from office before their terms expire by circulating petitions to call a vote
referendum	the practice of referring a measure proposed or passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection
socioeconomic status	status in society based on level of education, income, and occupational prestige
suffrage	the right to vote; also called franchise
third parties	parties that organize to compete against the two major American political parties
turnout	the percentage of eligible individuals who actually vote
two-party system	a politcal system in which only two parties have a realistic opportunity to compete effectively for control of the government
The popular democracy process by which citizens can place a constitutional amendment or statute on the ballot is called an	initiative
The individual who served as governor during much of the Progressive period was	Hiram Johnson
The process by which a certain percentage of those who voted in the last gubernatorial election can sign petitions to vote on a law enacted by the legislature is a	referendum
The process by which an elected official is removed from office before his or her term expires is called a	recall
Progressive reformers pointed to this company whenever they spoke about machine politics and corporate privilege in Sacramento:	Southern Pacific Railroad
The only sitting California governor to be recalled from office was	Gary Davis
Which of the following direct democracy devices allows voters to approve or reject statutes or amendments passed by the legislature?	referendum
In which historical block was the greatest number of initiatives titled?	1970-99
Which of the following is not a Progressive Era reform?	party caucuses
Which of the following is not a legal way to amend the California constitution?	The governor can sign into law a proposed amendment passed by the legislature
In the 2012 general election, 18-to 29-years-olds voted at a higher rate than they did in 2008.	true
In running for the state legislature, incumbents and challengers spend nearly the same amount of money on their political campaigns.	false
Politcal campaigns are so expensive in California because	campaigns need to hire political consultants, need to spend a substantial amount of money on media advertising, and political parties are not very involved in the planning and running of campaigns
Special-interest groups often use the initiative process to achieve their policy objectives	true
Which of the following is not true about Proposition 34, which deals with campaign finance?	The League of Women Voters and Common Cause supported Proposition 34
Of California’s 38 million people, approximately how many are registered to vote?	18 million
The number of voters who decline to state a party affiliation at the time they register is declining.	false
California presently operates under which of the following primary election systems?	blanket primary
How is the Speaker of the House chosen?	selected by the House majority party
Which of the following terms describes a candidate who is running for re-election to a position in Congress that she already holds?	incumbent
Which two groups did the Republican Party add to its coalition during the 1980s?	religious conservatives and working-class whites
Since the Constitution was adopted in the 1780s, how many major parties compete with one another at any given time?	2
Federalists	protective tariffs and creation of national bank
Jeffersonian Republicans	promotion of agricultural interests and free trade
Which statements are correct about the trends in Americans’ party identification?	More people identify as Democrat now than Republican. More people identify as independent now than Democrat. More people identify as independent now than Republican. More people are identifying as independent now than before.
Where do most people get their party identification from?	their parents
Which issues are candidates likely to emphasize in an election?	those that most voters agree with
Which of the following statements explain why Republicans won control of Congress in 2014?	Midterm elections tend to favor the Republican Party. The president’s party tends to lose in midterm elections.
Which groups did Obama rely on to secure victory in 2012?	working-class voters, African Americans, Hispanics, and women
A belief in the need to maintain economic equality is __ core part of the US political culture.	Not a
A totalitarian system of rule seeks to	Impose its will by suppressing any and all other groups and individuals in society
Ancient Greeks believed the ideal __ was knowledgable of, and actively participated in, government.	Citizen
Being suspicious of strong government has been/ was true of Americans	Throughout US history
Demographic changes in America have spawned the charge that the American political system seriously underrepresents	Urban areas
Freedom from government control and economic freedom are both definitions of	Liberty
Liberty, democracy, and __ are the United States’ core political values.	Equality
Over the last century, America’s population has become __ elderly and __ young.	more;less
Political equality means that each citizen	Has one, and only one, vote
Progressives advocated women’s suffrage in part because	They believed women voters were likely to support their championed reforms
Representatives make decision about public policy in a	Representative democracy
The people are sovereign in a	Democracy
The practice of direct democracy includes which of the following	Ballot referendum
What change did the national census undergo in 1970 regarding people of Hispanic origin	It began counting people of Hispanic origin for the first time
Which of the following is true of digital citizenship	Digital citizens are likely to be "good" citizens
Which of the following is true of income distribution in the United States	In 2012, the top 10 percent earned more than half of the total national income
Which of the following spurred the first major expansion of the power of the government in the United States	The great depression
Which of the following statements about recent immigration trends and the foreign-born population in the United States is accurate	People born in Asia constitute the second-largest group of foreign born residents
Which of the following wanted to promote participation for the middle classes	The bourgeoisie
Who gets what, when, and how is the definition of	Politics
__ refers to a system that allows very little room for the national government to regulate trade or restrict the use of private property, even in the public interest	Laissez-faire capitalism
According to the Anagnoson text, chapter 1, California’s population, the foreign-born population, and the approximate number of undocumented immigrants are	38.3 million, 10.2 million, and 2.7 million
According to Anagnoson, in chapter 1, the inability of the California legislature to make decisions that benefit the state as a whole is due to:	The influence of interest groups, the two-thirds requirement to raise taxes, and California’s size and diversity
California term limits are	8 years for governor, 12 years for the Assembly, and 12 years for the state Senate
"Majoritarian" as applied to California government means that	The state makes many important decisions through direct democracy and the initiative process
Individualism is an idea that	Can be traced back to John Locke
Critics of individualism	Tend to focus more on society as a whole rather than just the individual
The primary value to defenders of individualism in America is	Freedom
Americans’ trust in their government	has declined significantly since the 1960s
Political efficacy is the belief that	one can influence what government does
According to the authors, good citizenship requires	political knowledge and political engagement
What is digital citizenship?	the ability to participate in society online
What is the difference between a totalitarian government and an authoritarian one?	In an authoritarian government, certain social institutions may restrain the power of the government
In constitutional government	formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of government
Although not present at the national level, a number of states and cities permit citizens to vote directly on laws and policies. What is this form of rule called?	direct democracy
The percentage of foreign-born individuals living in the United States	has increased significantly since reaching its low point in 1970
Since 1900, which of the following groups has increased as a percentage of the overall population in the United States	black, Hispanics, and Asian
As a percentage of the total population in the United States, which age group has increased the more dramatically from 1900 to 2010?	the elderly
What percentage of Americans live in urban areas today?	about 80 percent
Which of the following is not related to the American conception of liberty?	freedom of speech, economic liberty, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly
Which of the following is not part of the core value of the American political system?	belief in equality of results
The principle of political equality can be best summed up as	"equality of opportunity"
Which of the following are reasons it is important for Americans to trust their government?	Trust is important to attract talented people to work for the government, a lack of trust could endanger tax revenue, and a mistrusted government can do little to work with its citizens
Political efficacy is the idea that __ citizens can influence the government and its policies. Americans have __ sense of political efficacy.	even ordinary; a declining
Local government provides what	running water
Federal government provides what	standardized time and copyright protection
State government provides what	speed limits on major highways
Trust in the government:	Trust in government increases during times of national tragedy, trust in government has generally declined since 1960
How has the power of the federal government developed over time?	The power of the federal government has increased
People who are politically active tend to believe that they have a __ degree of political efficacy. Political efficacy is the ability to __ the government.	high; influence
Over the last several decades, American trust in the federal government has	decreased
Why is political knowledge necessary for citizens?	it increases knowledge of available services, it can advance citizen interests, and it helps protect their rights
What is the relationship between being politically informed and public trust in government	The informed public trusts the government more than the uninformed
A recent survey found that 75 percent of Americans read the news online and more than 6 in 10 look up political information on the internet. These are examples of what kind of citizenship?	Digital
What was the difference between the percentage of the informed public that trusted the government in 2013 and the percentage of the general public that did so?	14%
Describe how internet access affects political participation	Internet access tends to increase political participation
What is the best definition of "digital citizenship"?	participation in society through the internet
Which of the following examples meet the definition of government?	A group of tribal elders meet to discuss issues and make decisions for the tribe, a military commander seizes a country by force replacing the government, and the population of an island gather once per year to settle grievances and find solutions to common problems
In order the governments which have the most legal limits placed upon their power to those with the fewest limits	constitutional, authoritarian, and totalitarian
What two factors led to the development of constitutional democracies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries	Governments started recognizing legal limits on their power and some governments began giving citizens political voice through the vote
Ballot initiatives and referenda are examples in American of what kind of democracy?	direct
Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin are examples of what type of government system that seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it	totalitarian
Politics	Can be thought of as the conflict over the direction, identity, and resources of an organization.
Power	is the ability to influence that process
Representative democracy	A major bill that many legislators campaigned on passes Congress, Congress votes to impeach an unpopular president, and a major bill supported by the majority of citizens passes a state legislature
Direct democracy	California’s citizens vote to recall their governor and a state constitution is amended following referendum
Since the 1920s, immigration to the united states has__. This has been particularly true of people emigrating from__.	increased; Central America and Asia
Which of the following about socioeconomic status in America is true?	Wealth inequality has grown over the past 40 years
Thanks to immigration, America has a younger population now than it did in 1900.	False
Which of the following are true about immigration?	The largest group of immigrants in the first half of the twentieth century came from Europe. Today most immigrants come from Asia or the Americas.
Which ethnic/racial group in the 2010 census data that has decreased the most as a percentage of the population since 1900?	Whites
The __ has grown the most as a percentage of the population since the 1900, while the __ has declined the most.	west; midwest
Which of the following groups make up more than 10% of the population, as of the 2012 census?	Latino, African Americans, Whites
The Bill of Rights of the US Constitution primarily addressed which core American value?	liberty
Which of the following does the textbook identify as being at the core of American values?	liberty, equality, and democracy
Laissez-faire __ means an economic system with little room for government regulation or interference	capitalism
The ability of people to choose their leaders in free and fair elections is called __, while __ refers to freedom from government control.	democracy; liberty
When most Americans say equality is an important value they define equality as the opportunity for everyone to have fair chance to succeed, and not the equality of outcomes.	true
Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824 was important because it	Gave the national government significant new authority to regulate interstate commerce
McCulloch v. Maryland is an important case because	The court interpreted the delegated powers of Congress broadly, creating the potential for increased national powers
A block grant consists of federal aid to state or local government that is	To be spent within a specified policy area, though without the narrow regulations of categorical grants
In a federal system, power is distributed	Between state and national governments
In what way did the federal government attempt to combat state opposition to national policies particularly during the 1960s?	Bypassing states altogether by making federal grants directly to local governments
Most of the rules and regulations Americans face in their daily lives are set by	The US Supreme court
New Federalism was generally characterized by	Granting state and local governments greater control of nationally funded programs
Regulations or new conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the national government is the definition of	Unfunded mandates
Specific powers provided the national government in the US Constitution are called __ powers.	Expressed
The Supreme Court ruling in the United States v. Lopez is important because	It was the first time since the New Deal that the Supreme Court limited the power of Congress under the commerce clause
The commerce clause of Article 1, Section 8, of the US constitution affords Congress broad regulatory power over what?	Interstate commerce
The implied powers of the necessary and proper clause allow	The national government to interpret its delegated powers expansively
The power to declare war is an example of what type of power?	Expressed
Under the traditional system of dual federalism, the national government’s primary functional role was	The assistance of the nation’s commerce
What is an example of a concurrent power?	The power of both the national and state governments to charter banks and corporations
What is the purpose of the Tenth Amendment?	To limit the powers of the central government by establishing reserved powers for states and individuals
What type of situation in American federalism has often resulted in the act of preemption?	A state action is found to be inconsistent with a federal requirement
Which of the following statements about the evolution of federalism under the Bush Administration is accurate?	The Bush Administration oversaw a massive increased in federal authority over public education
Which of the following best exemplify a characteristic of a unitary system of government?	The national government selects the textbooks and curriculum for all schools
Why has the controversy over same-sex marriage been so closely linked to the full faith and credit clause?	It raises the issue of whether or not one state will recognize legal same-sex unions made in another state
What is the overall trend in grant-in-aid as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) from 1960-2012?	Grant-in-aid as percentage of GDP has remained fairly consistent although it has risen slightly over time
Federal aid as percentage of state and local expenditures is the most volatile of all the depicted. How would you explain this?	In the 1960s federal grants were on the rise as the federal government assumed a large role in funding programs in the states. Then, in the 1980s, President Reagan returned responsibility to the states.
Of the statements below, which can be determined by the information presented in the graphic?	Federal aid and grants can fluctuate greatly over time, but grant-in-aids as percentage of GDP remains relatively constant
Which term describes the sharing of powers between the national government and the state governments?	Federal system
Which amendment to the constitution stated that the powers not delegated to the national government or prohibited to the states were "reserved to the states"?	Tenth Amendment
A state governments authority to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens is frequently referred to as	The police power
Which constitutional clause has been central in debates over same-sex marriage because it requires that states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions of other states?	Full faith and credit clause
Many states have amended their constitutions to guarantee that large cities will have the authority to manage local affairs without interference from state government. This power is called	home rule
The system of federalism that allowed states to do most of the fundamental governing from 1789 to 1937 was	dual federalism
Beginning in 1937 the Supreme Court laid the groundwork for a stronger government by	issuing a number of decisions that dramatically expanded the definition of the commerce clause
One of the most powerful tools by which the federal government has attempted to get the states to act in ways that are desired by the federal government is by	Providing grants-in-aid
The process of returning more of the responsibilities of governing from the national level to the state level is known as	devolution
The form of regulated federalism that allows the federal government to take over areas of regulation formerly overseen by states or local governments is called	preemption
When state and local governments must conform to costly regulations or conditions in order to receive reimbursements for their expenditures from the federal government is called	an unfunded mandate
To what does the term New Federalism refer?	Efforts to return more policy-making discretion to the states through the use of block grants
How has the government protected the right to privacy?	Various supreme court cases have recognized the right to privacy
What encouraged more legal action regarding the education of women?	The supreme court ruled that gender discrimination could result in monetary damages
The fourth amendment protects citizens from unreasonable __. It does this by guaranteeing citizens due process of law and applying the __, which makes "evidence" from illegal searches inadmissible.	Search and seizures; exclusionary rule
The constitution does not provide a basis for the right to privacy.	False
Freedom of religion is one of several civil liberties protected in the first ten amendments to the constitution, __. The __ amendment specifically addressed religious freedom and has two bolstering clauses- the establishment clause and the __.	Bill of Rights; First; free exercise clause
In what ways is the second amendment different from the first amendment?	First amendment: allows for the freedom of the press, allows for the freedom of speech Second amendment: allows for the right to bear arms
How are the first and second amendment similar?	protects individual freedoms, limits the governments power, within the Bill of Rights, reserves powers to the public
The bill of rights was adopted as part of the constitution as a concession to which political faction?	Antifederalist
Prior Restraint	governments efforts to block the publication of material
Speech Plus	Speech accompanied by actions such as protesting
Public Forum Doctrine	Protection of public spaces, traditionally used for assembly
The supreme court has not been consistent in its protection of the right to privacy. For example, it __ several decisions that limited the right to privacy. Initially, the Court did not extend the right to privacy to __. However in 2003, the Court ruled that states __.	reversed; homosexuals; cannot prohibit homosexual conduct
How has affirmative action policies evolved over time?	President Johnson compels the federal civil service to hire minorities, the federal government makes affirmative action a priority, the supreme court said affirmative action policies must survive strict scrutiny.
Fourteenth amendment	Extended equal protection under the law to all Americans (guaranteed equal protection under the law)
Twenty-fourth amendment	Eliminated the poll tax
Fifteenth amendment	allowed black men to vote
Thirteenth amendment	ended slavery
In chronological order the evolving definitions of unprotected obscenity	obscenity is material that appeals to "prurient interest", obscenity is prurient material, having no social value, depicting sexual conduct in an offensive way, obscenity was largely deregulated
What role does the grand jury serve?	The grand jury determines if satisfactory evidence is accessible to warrant a trial
Which of the following cases weakened affirmative action?	Adarand Constructors v. Pena and Gratz v. Bollinger
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964	Outlawed job discrimination by all employers
Fair Housing Act	Allowed the government to initiate legal action in cases of housing discrimination
Brown v. Board of Education	ended the era of "separate but equal" schools
The evolution of privacy rights in order from oldest to most recent	The supreme court ruled in favor of martial privacy, the supreme court expanded the right to privacy with regard to abortions, the supreme court ruled that gays did not have a right to privacy, the supreme court ruled that gays have a right to privacy
What did the supreme court do to stop the formation of private militias during the late 1800s?	The supreme court clearly defined what militias were for
Which gun laws are practiced in Wyoming?	does not have a ban on possessing any type of gun, does not implement a probationary waiting period before purchasing a gun, does not require a permit when holding a concealed weapon
Fifth amendment	protects citizens from being tried twice for the same alleged crime (double jeopardy)
Sixth amendment	protects citizens by giving the right to receive counsel for defense of a crime
Fourth amendment	protects against unreasonable searches and seizures
Eighth amendment	protects citizens from being tortured or excessively threatened
In the 1965 Griswold case, the Supreme Court ruled that states may __ the use of contraceptives without violating __. The Court ruled that the Third, __, and Fifth Amendments protected the right to privacy. This was the first time the Court formally recognized privacy rights.	not ban; martial privacy; fourth
Federal government	tenth and seventh amendment
State and Federal government	First and eighth amendment
Federal agencies, as part of the shift from desegregation to integration in schools, required school districts to present integration plans or risk losing federal funds. What had to be considered in those plans?	busing students across district lines, closing certain schools, redistributing faculty, and redistributing students
Ernesto Miranda’s case led to the Miranda rule because he was coerced into confessing to the kidnapping and rape of an 18-year-old woman. Miranda’s case went to the __, which used the Fifth Amendment to clarify the protection from __ and the Sixth Amendment to guarantee a __. These rights had been greatly neglected until Miranda’s case.	Supreme court; self-incrimination; right to counsel
Which of the following rights appeared in the original text of the Constitution, before the addition of the Bill of Rights?	right of habeas corpus and right to trial by jury in the state where a crime was committed
"Fighting Words" fall outside the constitutional protection because they	Directly incite violence
Civil liberties are	Limitations on government action
Eminent domain is the power of government to	take private property for public use
In 2008, the US supreme court declared that the Second Amendment protects	an individuals right to possess a firearm for self-defense
Selective incorporation	considers the provisions of the Bill of Rights one by one and selectively applies them as limits on states through the Fourteenth Amendment
Speech that is accompanied by conduct and that can be regulated by the government to preserve public order is called	speech plus
The bill of rights consist of the	the first ten amendments to the US constitution
The supreme court rules in Lawrence v. Texas that the right to privacy	extends to gay and lesbian citizens
The exclusionary rule is illustrated by which Supreme Court case	Mapp v. Ohio
The free exercise clause protects	the right to believe in and practice one’s religion of choice
The idea of separation of church and state is most closely associated with the	establishment clause
The most dramatic restraint imposed on police by the Bill of Rights, which can free those people who are known to have committed the crime of which they have been accused of, is the	Exclusionary rule
The right of the people "to keep and bear Arms" is based on	participation in state militias
Which of the following is established by the fifth amendment	the courts cannot hold trials for serious offenses without provision for a grand jury
Which of the following is true of the Supreme courts treatment of student speech?	It has allowed limitations on student free speech depending on the content of the speech
Which of the following statements is about the death penalty is accurate	the united states is the only western nation that still executes criminals
__ Liberties place restraints on how government is suppose to act, while __ liberties limit what the government has the power to do.	Procedural; substantive
Which of the following supreme court cases confirmed that women have a constitutional right to abortion	Roe v. Wade
Which of the following supreme court cases incorporated the fifth amendment protection from "double jeopardy" to the states	Benton v. Maryland (1969)
Which supreme court cases set a precedent that corporations have religious liberty rights under the first amendment free exercise clause	Hobby Lobby v. Burwell (2014)
Which of the following supreme court cases shows how the supreme court regulates high school students free speech rights	Tinker v. DesMoines and Morris v. Frederick
In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the supreme court ruled that Michigan Law School’s affirmative action policy was	Constitutional, since race was used in a holistic and individualized way and not as a quota
Segregation or discriminatory practices that occur even when there is no explicit legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the united states today, is called __ segregation.	de facto
The civil rights act of 1964 addressed discrimination in, among other things,	public accommodation and employment
Which supreme court case first restricted the use of racial quotas in university admissions	Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Which of the following statements about the efforts to pass an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is accurate	The amendment passed Congress easily, but fell three states short of the requirement for ratification by the deadline
Which of the following were protected categories against discrimination in the 1964 Civil Rights act	Race, religion, sex, and national origin
The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, was signed into law to close what loophole in gender pay discrimination	the requirement that women suffering pay discrimination file suit within 180 days of the act of discrimination
The movement for expanding the rights of the disabled in the US in the 1970s was inspired by what other civil rights group	NAACP
Which clause of the 14th amendment to the constitution has been most often utilized to obtain civil rights protections by groups in the US	Equal protection clause
In ensuring rights for citizens, the Bill of Rights checks the powers of the branches of government. Match the following branches of government to their corresponding amendments.	Executive: second, third, and fourth amendment Judicial: fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth amendment Legislative: first amendment
Which of the following were among Alexander Hamilton’s arguments concerning the Bill of Rights?	Hamilton argued that a bill of rights would be irrelevant because the national government had only delegated powers. To limit powers it had not been granted might lead the government to claim more powers. Hamilton argued that the Constitution was a bill of rights in itself since it contained provisions that amounted to a bill of rights.
Which amendments have been, through selective incorporation, incorporated or applied to the states using the Fourteenth Amendment.	Federal: tenth and seventh amendment State and federal: first and eighth amendment
How does the "wall of separation" apply to the establishment clause?	It prevents the government from establishing an official religion.
What was the precedent-setting case concerning the free exercise clause?	West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
What does the free exercise clause allow citizens to do?	The clause allows citizens to believe and practice whatever religion they choose. The clause allows individuals to abstain from religion.
Read the following instances of commercial speech and select those that can and cannot be regulated by the government.	CAN: A pastry shop places a large sign on the grounds of a local police station. A juice company falsely claims that its product is a treatment for cancer. CANNOT: A major corporation runs ads supporting a political candidate. An organization publishes a newspaper advocating the use of birth control.
Why is the doctrine of strict scrutiny important to free speech?	Strict scrutiny forces the government to effectively prove a reason for the restriction or censorship of speech.
Examples of protected speech	A protestor burns the Texas state flag. A person protests outside a politician’s funeral. Walter’s Widgets, Inc., runs ads supporting a political candidate.
Examples of unprotected speech	A newspaper publishes detailed U.S. military positions during wartime. A student violates a school’s ban on wearing clothing advertising cigarettes.
Which of the following situations demonstrate libelous speech?	A newspaper falsely accuses a mayor of corruption with the intention of damaging the mayor’s career. A magazine that wants to boost its circulation runs an article falsely accusing a senator of running a gambling ring.
What is the purpose of a "shield law"?	It protects the confidentiality of journalists’ sources.
A radical right-wing group holds a small rally in a town square. The group’s members are careful not to block traffic or disrupt the businesses in the area. Their right to assemble in this way is protected by what doctrine?	public forum doctrine
Freedom of the press	prior restraint
Freedom of assembly	public forum doctrine
Freedom of speech	fighting words
In New York Times v. Sullivan, the Supreme Court established two conditions for libel against a public figure. What are they?	1. The story must be untrue. 2. The story must be motivated by "actual malice" or "reckless disregard" for the truth.
How have the following statutes and cases had a profound effect on gun control?	The Second Amendment established the right to bear arms. District of Columbia v. Heller the Supreme Court banned handguns in the country’s capital. McDonald v. Chicago the Supreme Court allowed individuals to own guns within the city limits of a major metropolitan area.
What age and race did males have to be to serve in a militia during the 1700s?	Males had to be white and between the ages of 18 and 45.
Why do the states have more responsibility in regulating gun ownership than the federal government?	The Second Amendment limits the federal government’s power on gun regulation, reserving that power for the states.
The Second Amendment was written during the 1700s, when state governments could not guarantee weapons for __. The states could not be trusted to distribute weapons in times of emergency, so eligible citizens kept their own __ in their homes. Therefore, the right "__" was directly related to whether the states could provide weapons for their militias. Most states could not.	state militias; firearms; to keep and bear arms
How does the Fifth Amendment affect U.S. citizens?	The Fifth Amendment is similar to the Fourth Amendment. Its goal is to protect citizens from unfair treatment by the government in criminal cases. It prevents citizens from being tried twice, which is also known as double jeopardy.
What is the primary function of the Eighth Amendment?	to protect citizens from cruel and unusual punishment
What parts of the Constitution have been used to expand the right to privacy?	First and Fourth Amendment.
Which two countries are more likely to protect the right to privacy?	Sweden and Canada
Put these major moments from civil rights history in chronological order.	The Equal Protection Clause is added to the U.S. constitution. Plessy v. Ferguson is decided by the Supreme Court. Brown v. Board of Education is decided by the Supreme Court. The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act are passed in back-to-back years.
The gap between white and black voting rates was the smallest in __ before the Voting Rights Act. The Act had the biggest impact in closing the gap in __, where the gap closed by more than fifty percentage points. The Act had the smallest impact on black voter registration rates in __.	Virginia; Mississippi; North Carolina
What challenges did African Americans face after Brown v. Board of Education?	De facto school segregation continued in the North and South. African Americans still could not vote in many southern states. Many states refused to desegregate their schools. Housing remained racially segregated.
How have the following contributed to the advancement of women’s rights?	Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act established sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination. Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools allowed monetary damages for Title IX violations. Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act made it easier for employees to sue in cases of wage discrimination. Equal Pay Act of 1963 made wage discrimination illegal.
How have the following contributed to the civil rights of gays and lesbians?	Lawrence v. Texas extended right of privacy as related to intimate contact to gay men and lesbians. Supreme Court ruling on the federal Defense of Marriage Act expanded recognition of same-sex marriages. repeal of "Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell" allowed gay men and women to serve openly in the military.
How have Native Americans expanded their civil rights?	The Supreme Court ruled that Native Americans are not subject to state laws prohibiting gambling. Native Americans have successfully used the courts to win reparations from the federal government.
In what case did the Supreme Court first formally address affirmative action?	Bakke v. Board of Regents
What has caused the Supreme Court to weaken affirmative action laws?	The Court decided that affirmative action policies must survive strict scrutiny. Some affirmative action policies violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
Which of the following rights was not included in the original constitution?	prohibition of warrantless search and seizure
Which of the following provided that all of the protections contained in the Bill of Rights applied to the states as well as the national government	the fourteenth amendment
The process by which some of the liberties in the Bill of Rights were applied to the states (or nationalized) is known as	selective incorporation
Which of the following protections are not contained in the first amendment	freedom from unlawful searches and seizures
the judicial doctrine that places a heavy burden of proof on the government when it seeks to regulate or restrict speech is called	strict scrutiny
In McDonald v. Chicago, the supreme court ruled that	the second amendment applies to states as well as the federal government
The fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth amendments, taken together, define	due process of law
In which case did the supreme court rule that state governments no longer had the authority to make private sexual behavior a crime?	Lawrence v. Texas
When did civil rights become part of the Constitution	With the adoption of the fourteenth amendment in 1868
Which of the following was not a way the twenty-fourth amendment of 1964 and the voting rights act of 1965 significantly extended and protected voting rights?	requiring all voters to register two weeks before any federal election
Which of the following is not an example of an area in which women have made progress since the 1970s in guaranteeing certain civil rights?	the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment
The supreme courts decision in Bakke v. Board of Regents was significant because	it stated that diversity is a compelling state interest and that university admissions that take racial categories into account are constitutional as long as they are highly individualized
Affirmative action	government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices against specified groups by making special efforts to provide members of these groups with access to educational and employment opportunities
Bill of Rights	the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791; they ensure certain rights and liberties to the people
Bill of attainder	a law that declares a __ guilty of a crime without a trial
Brown v. Board of Education	the 1954 supreme court decision that struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine as fundamentally unequal; this case eliminated the power to use race as a criterion for discrimination in law and provided the national government with the power to intervene by exercising strict regulatory policies against discriminatory actions
Civil liberties	areas of personal freedom constitutionally protected from government interference
Civil rights	obligation imposed on government to take positive action to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies and of other private citizens
Clear and present danger test	test to determine whether speech is protected or unprotected, based on its capacity to present a "clear and present danger" to society
de facto	literally, "by fact"; practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today
de jure	literally, "by law"; legally enforced practices, such as school segregation in the south before the 1960s
double jeopardy	the fifth amendment right providing that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime
due process law	the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments
eminent domain	the right of government to take private property for public use
equal protection clause	provision of the fourteenth amendment guaranteeing citizens "the equal protection of the laws"; this clause has served as the basis for the civil rights of African Americans, women, and other groups
establishment clause	the first amendment clause that says that "congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion"; this law means that the "wall of separation" exists between church and state
exclusionary rule	the ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the fourth amendment
ex post facto laws	laws that declare an action to be illegal after it has been committed
fifteenth amendment	one of three civil war amendments; it guaranteed voting rights for African American men
fighting words	speech that directly incites damaging conduct
fourteenth amendment	one of three civil war amendments; it guaranteed equal protection and due process
free exercise clause	the first amendment clause that protects a citizen’s right to believe and practice whatever religion one chooses
grand jury	jury that determines whether sufficient evidence is available to justify a trial; grand juries do not rule on the accused’s guilt or innocence
habeas corpus	a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause of detention
libel	a written statement made in "reckless disregard to the truth" that is considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"
Miranda rule	the requirement, articulated by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, that persons under arrest must be informed prior to police interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit of legal counsel
prior restraint	an effort by a governmental agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way; censorship; in the united states, the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most extraordinary circumstances
right to privacy	the right to be left alone, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to entail individual access to birth control and abortion
selective incorporation	the process by which different protections in the Bill of Rights were incorporated into the fourteenth amendment, thus guaranteeing citizens protection from state as well as national governments
"separate but equal" rule	doctrine that public accommodations could be segregated by race but still be considered equal
slander	an oral statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to the victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"
"speech plus"	speech accompanied by conduct such as sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations; protection of this form of speech under the first amendment is conditional, and restrictions imposed by state or local authorities are acceptable if properly balanced by considerations of public order
strict scrutiny	a test used by the supreme court in racial discrimination cases and other cases involving civil liberties and civil rights that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challenges to show that the law in question is constitutional
thirteenth amendment	one of three civil war amendments; it abolished slavery
A key requirement of an effective ____ is that it is representative.	Public-opinion sample
A push poll might include a question with the following wording:	Do you think it was appropriate for President Bush to lie to start a war with Iraq?
As opposed to a value or belief, an attitude represents	a person’s specific preference on a particular issue.
Big government is ____________ considered a core U.S. value.	not
Equality of opportunity is a	basic political value held by most Americans.
How did the media affect the Bush Administration’s decision to go to war in Iraq in 2003?	It helped to increase the public popularity of the preparations for war.
If you prefer smaller government, you are probably a	conservative
In contemporary politics being liberal has come to imply supporting	social reform.
Political and voting differences between men and women are known as the ____ gap.	gender
Political socialization is the process through which	political beliefs and values are formed.
Selection bias occurs when a sample ____ some opinions.	overrepresents or underrepresents
The bandwagon effect has been particularly problematic in	the presidential nomination process.
The most important agent of socialization early in life is	family
The size of the overall population under study is ____ in determining the reliability of a poll.	not important
Until recently, the classification of "moderate" would have applied to	most Americans.
What argument does Nicholas Carr make in his best-selling book on the Internet’s effect on political knowledge and participation?	The Internet reduces depth of thought and analysis regarding political knowledge.
What is the state of political knowledge among Americans?	low
What kinds of questions are particularly problematic in relation to the social desirability effect?	questions about race or gender
When a pollster asks a loaded question to shape a respondent’s opinion, it is known as a	push poll.
Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a "scientific" poll?	representative sample from a sufficiently large population with no selection bias
Which of the following is one of the two major ways that low levels of political knowledge can shape American democracy?	Political power can more easily be manipulated by political elites, the media, and wealthy special interests.
Which of the following is true of political polarization in the United States?	Party polarization may actually reduce levels of political knowledge.
Which of the following is true of the effect of political party membership or loyalty on political orientation?	Partisans tend to rely on party leaders and the media for cues on the appropriate positions to take on major political issues.
Which of the following views would a conservative be more likely to hold than a liberal?	concern about law and order
In general, which political or ideological group is most likely to support the economic and social status quo?	Conservatives
In contemporary politics, conservatives tend to __ abortion and same-sex marriage. They mostly believe that a powerful government __ individual citizens and that regulation on business is __.	oppose; threatens; inefficient
According to a 2014 Pew Research Center survey, which fundamental value do Americans believe in most strongly?	Equality of opportunity
Which of the following factors influence American’s beliefs and opinions?	religion, income, age, gender, race, and geographic region
In the context of understanding public opinion, which of the following is the best definition of values?	basic principles that shape a person’s opinions about issues and events
In contemporary politics, which of the following are political positions are more likely to be supported liberals?	expansion of federal social services, protection of rights for gays and lesbians, and extensive government intervention in the economy
democracy	Every citizen should have the opportunity to take part in the government process.
equality of opportunity	All individuals should be allowed to seek personal and material success.
liberty	Government interference in individuals’ lives should be kept to a minimum.
Given the importance of political environment in shaping political views, which policy area below might someone feel is more important if they grew up during the war on terror?	domestic security
The tendency of men’s and women’s opinions to differ in voting preferences is known as the gender gap, with women giving slight preference to Democrats over men. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center study on the gender gap in American politics, which of the following issues are women more likely to favor than men?	protecting the environment and same-sex marriage
What is the relationship between policy-related opinion among party elites and policy-related public opinion?	Partisans in the electorate tend to rely on policy cues from party leaders and the media. Thus, public opinion follows party elites on policy issues.
Which of the following is the best definition of political socialization?	The process through which political beliefs and values are formed
Select the following statements that are true regarding the role education plays in political socialization.	The more education one has, the more tolerant of racial minorities one is. The more education one has, the more likely one is to be involved in politics.
Most people initially acquire their political orientation from __, while friends __ important role in shaping opinion as one gets older.	family; play a more
Surveys have shown that white and black Americans differ in how they perceive race relations. The following graph of survey data shows the percentage of people who think blacks in the community are treated less fairly than whites. Click each of the areas where there’s more than a 30 percent gap between whites and blacks.	In dealing with the police, on the job or at work, in local public schools, and when voting in elections
How do most Americans get their political news?	skimming headlines on the internet
Individuals who have __ educational attainment, __ income, and are members of civic organizations __ most likely to be politically knowledgeable.	higher; higher; are
Which of the following are results of the low levels of political knowledge among many Americans?	People may support policies against their own self-interest. Political opinion can be manipulated by political elites.
By using informational shortcuts, average citizens form opinions that are __ consistent with their underlying preferences.	often
The government can easily and substantially influence public opinion.	False
The mass media __ neutral messengers for others’ ideas. The media has had __ independent impact on public opinion.	are not; significant
Government policy __ to public opinion; public opinion __ to government policy.	responds
When individuals try to form opinions about a particular policy issue, they tend to be influenced by	the media, interest groups, and the government.
Which of the following are examples of presidential attempts to lead public opinion?	Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s "Fireside Chats", Barack Obama’s use of Facebook to promote policy positions, and George W. Bush’s PR Program supporting the War on Terror
Which of the following statements are correct regarding the media and public opinion.	The way the media present a story can influence public opinion. Presentation of corruption in government has undermined public trust.
The campaign to repeal Roe v. Wade is primarily led by	interest groups
If survey respondents are hiding their true preferences about race from the interviewer, what is the survey suffering from?	the social desirability effect
Which of the following statements is correct?	It is possible to estimate the country’s opinion based on a rather small sample of people
Which of the following elements do pollsters have to consider before conducting a poll that will forecast the election?	wording of survey questions, ability to randomly select respondents, and a large sample
What is the goal of a push poll?	to shape the respondent’s perception of the candidate or issue in question
In a scientific poll, what sample size is generally sufficient for accurately measuring national public opinion?	1,000
In public-opinion polling, what is a random sample?	Each person within the specified population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent.
The term public opinion is used to describe	The beliefs and attitudes that people have about issues
Variables such as income, education, race, gender, and ethnicity	Help explain differences of political opinion in America
Today, the term __ refers to an ideology that supports social and political reform, greater economic equality, and expansion of government social services.	liberalism
The process by which americans learn political beliefs and values is called	political socialization
Which of the following is not an agent of socialization	political attitudes
when men and women respond differently to issues of public policy, this difference is an example of	the gender gap
the fact that the public inattentive to politics and must frequently rely on informational shortcuts has which of the following effects on American democracy?	weakens it by making it easier for various institutions and political actors to manipulate the political process
Which of the following are the most important external influences on how political opinions are formed in the marketplace of ideas?	the government, private groups, and the news media
Which of the following is the term used in public-opinion polling to denote the small group representing the opinions of the whole populations?	sample
A push poll is a poll in which	the questions are designed to shape the respondents opinion rather than measure the respondents opinion
A familiar polling problem is the "bandwagon effect," which occurs when	polling results influence people to support the candidate marked as the probable victor in a campaign
agents of socialization	social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals’ basic political beliefs and values
attitude (or opinion)	a specific preference on a particular issue
bandwagon effect	a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public-opinion polls report as the front-runner
conservative	today this term refers to those who generally support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements; conservatives believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizens’ freedom
democracy	a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials
equality of opportunity	a widely shared american ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential
gender gap	a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men
liberal	today this term refers to those who generally support social and political reform; governmental intervention in the economy and more economic equality; the expansion of federal social services; and greater concern for consumers and the environment
liberty	freedom from government control
From the end of the Civil War to the 1890s, the Republican Party remained the party of	the north
Richard Nixon’s ____ strategy was aimed at attracting white southerners to the Republican Party.	southern
The ____ was promoted by Progressive reformers at the turn of the twentieth century in hopes of weakening the power of party leaders.	primary system
The first party system in the United States pitted the Federalists, supported mainly by ____ against the Jeffersonian Republicans, supported mainly by ____.	merchants; agrarian interests
Which of the following differentiates an interest group from a political party?	An interest group seeks to influence government policies, whereas a party attempts to win elections.
Which political party was formed from a coalition of antislavery forces?	Republican Party
Why did Republicans spend much more effort building a party apparatus than Democrats in the fifty years prior to 2004?	They held a minority status in the electorate.
An election system that allocates to each political party representation in the legislature equal to its percentage of the total vote is called a ____ system.	proportional representation
Democrats are the plurality party in California.	True
The number of voters who decline to state a party affiliation at the time they register is declining in California.	False
Most of the Democratic counties encompass major urban areas, whereas most of the Republican counties are more rural in nature.	True
California has a proportional representation electoral system for state and local elections.	False
A ____ is a nonprofit independent group that receives and disburses funds to influence elections.	527 committee
A recent comprehensive study of the decline in political participation in the United States found that half of the drop-off could be accounted for by	reduced mobilization efforts.
In the case of Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court ruled that	there could be no limits placed on candidates’ expenditure of their own funds, since such spending is considered free speech. the right of individuals to spend their own money to campaign is constitutionally protected
Nonprofit groups that also engage in issue advocacy and are allowed to spend up to half of their revenue for political purposes are called	501c(4) committees.
Presidential primary elections are held to select	state delegates to the national conventions.
The Electoral College is composed of	presidential electors from each state who cast ballots for president and vice president.
The ____ is an example of indirect voting in national elections.	Electoral College
The party that holds the majority of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives selects the	Speaker of the House.
What is a closed primary?	an election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to Election Day
Which of the following is a relatively recent barrier to voting that is now in place in 31 out of the 50 states?	the requirement to provide proof of identity
Who is the incumbent?	the current officeholder, running for re-election
Why was Mitt Romney an early frontrunner for the Republican nomination in 2012?	superior organization and funding
____ refers to an individual’s right to vote.	Suffrage
In the 2012 Presidential election, how many states were considered "battleground" states, because they were neither safely Democratic or Republican states?	8
The biggest issue in the 2012 Presidential elections was	the economy
In the 2012 presidential election, public funding was	was declined by both major-party candidates
Which of the following is a way to register to vote in California	Obtain a voter registration form from any post office or library and return it to the Registrar of Voters. Obtain a voter registration from from any DMV and return it to the Registrar of Voters. register to vote on-line. Obtain and complete a voter registration form at the Registrar of Voters
What proportion of California voters voted by mail in the 2012 election?	51%
Which of the following is NOT a reason why political campaigns for office are more expensive in California than in most other states?	high proportion of Latino/a voters
Proposition 14 mandated the __________ system for state legislative and congressional seats as well as for statewide offices, such as governor and attorney general.	top-two vote getters blanket primary
The Campaign Disclosure Project conducted by UCLA in 2008, gave a(n) _____ grade to California for its laws requiring public disclosure of campaign financing.	A
The most important predictor of vote choice is	partisan identification
The most important predictor of voter turnout is	education
California is one of _________ states in the United States that allows initiatives on the ballot.	24
Under current law, California is best described as having a ____________________ presidential primary election.	semi-closed (or modified) primary
Turnout for midterm elections in the United States is about what percent of eligible voters?	33%
The outcome of which of the following races is most likely to be decided by voters’ party ties?	a state legislature race
In the run up to the 2014 elections, the Democratic Party held the presidency but was in the minority in Congress. What two competing goals did the national Democratic Party have to reconcile?	supporting the party in congressional elections and supporting the president’s legislative agenda
The Whig Party emerged from the ___ Party in the second party system. By the end of the third party system, the Whigs had largely been subsumed by the __ Party.	Federalist; Republican
Which of the following tend to boost turnout in competitive elections?	Voters are more interested in competitive elections. Voters know about the candidates in competitive elections.
Which groups are allowed to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money, as long as they are not coordinating with a candidate’s campaign?	Super PACs and political parties
Which of the following statements best characterizes people’s attachments to political parties?	Party attachments tend to be stable emotional and rational ties
Presidential debates tend to attract a __ audience, result in __ swings in public opinion, and have __ in the electoral outcome.	Wide; short-term; little impact
ballot initiative	present in 24 states and allows citizens to place proposed law directly on ballot
referendum	present in 50 states and state legislature refers laws to voters for popular vote
Within each demographic group (gender, age, race, and class) in the following chart, identify which members of the group tend to have the greatest proportion of support for the Republican Party.	Gender: Men, Age: 65 and over, Race: White, Income: $50,000-74,999 and >$75,000, Ideology: Conservative, Education: Some college
Which states did Obama and Romney primarily focus on in their campaigns?	Florida, Ohio, and Virginia
Party organizers often have a __ time recruiting political candidates, due to the __ of campaign fundraising.	difficult; importance
McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission (2014)	Limits on individuals’ campaign contributions were removed.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)	Government could not restrict independent expenditures by corporations.
When citizens are voting in presidential elections, who does their vote go to directly?	Presidential electors
Which of the following roles do political parties traditionally serve?	promote the group’s issues, recruit candidates for office, get loyal party members to vote, and influence government policies
To prevent voters from splitting between two candidates from the same party in a general election, political parties take which of the following actions?	hold nomination races
more likely to vote	whites, party identifiers, and older people
less likely to vote	Latinos, independents, and younger people
When is party identification most likely to influence a person’s vote choice?	when that person is unfamiliar with the issues, when that person knows little about the candidates, and when that person is voting on state legislative candidates
As of 2014, how much money can an individual donate to one candidate in one election?	$2,600
Which two (possibly contradictory) statements best reflect the current state of parties in the electorate?	There are more independent voters now than ever before. Party identification has gotten stronger among active voters.
How do parties influence the committee system?	Membership depends on the percentage of seats held by the party. Transfer from one committee to another requires party authorization.
The 2012 Republican presidential primary, which saw candidates ranging from Mitt Romney to Michele Bachmann to Herman Cain all enter the race, serves as evidence of which of the following statements?	There are several ideological factions within the Republican Party.
Which of the following electoral regulations in the United States have an impact on turnout?	requiring a photo ID before voting, election day falling on a weekday, requiring voter registration before voting, and holding different elections at different times of the year
Which of the following significant authorities is able to regulate the rules of elections and access to the ballot?	the state legislatures
Which group was the primary election system introduced to weaken?	Party Leaders
Which of the following statements are correct regarding the stability of party identification?	Individuals rarely change their party identification. Looking at the electorate as a whole, party identification is stable.
Why do third parties often live short lives?	The major parties absorb their programs.
The "New Deal" Coalition that developed in the 1930s system was eventually undone by conflicts over which of the following issues?	civil rights and the Vietnam War
Which of the following statements regarding online participation is correct?	Political participation online is likely to increase offline participation. Online participation has made political participation easier. Young voters are more likely to use social media for political participation.
Registration requirements tend to reduce voting among which of the following groups?	young and poorly educated
The winner of the electoral vote __ matches the winner of the popular vote.	often
What happens during an electoral realignment?	A new party supplants the ruling party
Traditionally, ___ were the leaders in voter registration activity. More recently, ___ have taken a more active role.	political parties; civic groups
Winners of __ elections go on to face each other in the __ election.	primary; general
Which of the following characterizations of turnout trends are correct?	Turnout dropped during the 1960s and 1970s. More people vote in presidential elections than in midterm elections. Turnout rates in 2012 were comparable to turnout rates in the 1920s.
Traditionally, political parties influenced elections by __. More recently, political parties influence elections by __.	controlling candidate nominations; distributing campaign funds.
Why did Barack Obama and Mitt Romney both decline public funding in 2012?	They could raise and spend far more money on their own
If Joe Smith, a registered Republican voter, is allowed to vote in the Democratic primary, he must live in a state that uses which type of primary system?	open primary
Which form of political participation is most common in the United States?	voting a general election
Which statements are accurate regarding campaign expenditures in 2012?	The Obama campaign outspent the Romney campaign. The campaigns primarily spent money on advertising
In recent elections, which of the following four factors is the single most important factor in predicting whether an individual will vote?	education
A political party is different from an interest group in that a political party	seeks to control the entire government by electing its members to office and thereby controlling the government’s personnel
Parties today are important in the electoral process in	recruiting and nominating candidates for office
Which party was founded as a political expression of the antislavery movement?	Republican
The periodic episodes in American history in which an "old" dominant political party is replaced by a "new" dominant political party are called	electoral realignments
Third parties have influenced national politics mainly by	promoting specific issues and ideas
Which of the following is not a form of traditional political participation?	uploading a political video to YouTube
Which of the following factors is not currently an obstacle to voting in the United States?	literacy tests
Partisan loyalty	is often handed down from parents to children
ballot initiative	a proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote
closed primary	a primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to primary day
divided government	the condition in American government wherein the presidency is controlled by one party while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress
electoral college	the presidential electors from each state who meet after the popular election to cast ballots for president and vice president
electoral realignment	the point in history when a new party supplants the ruling party, becoming in turn the dominant political force in the united states, this has tended to occur roughly every 30 years
527 committees	nonprofit independent groups that receive and disburse funds to influence the nomination, election, or defeat of candidates; named after Section 527 of the internal Revenue Code, which defines and provides tax-exempt status for nonprofit advocacy groups
general election	a regularly scheduled election involving most districts in the nation or state, in which voters select officeholders; in the United States, general elections for national offices are held on the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November in even-numbered years (every four years for presidential elections)
incumbent	a candidate running for re-election to a position that he or she already holds
majority party	the party that holds the majority of legislative seats in either the House or the Senate
minority party	the party that holds a minority of legislative seats in either the House or the Senate
mobilization	the process by which large numbers of people are organized for a political activity
nomination	the process by which political parties select their candidates for election to public office
open primary	a primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election
party identification	an individual voters psychological ties to one party or another
political action committee (PAC)	a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns
political parties	organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices
primary elections	elections to select a party’s candidate for the general election
proportional representation	a multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote
recall	a procedure to allow voters to remove state officials from office before their terms expire by circulating petitions to call a vote
referendum	the practice of referring a measure proposed or passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection
socioeconomic status	status in society based on level of education, income, and occupational prestige
suffrage	the right to vote; also called franchise
third parties	parties that organize to compete against the two major American political parties
turnout	the percentage of eligible individuals who actually vote
two-party system	a politcal system in which only two parties have a realistic opportunity to compete effectively for control of the government
The popular democracy process by which citizens can place a constitutional amendment or statute on the ballot is called an	initiative
The individual who served as governor during much of the Progressive period was	Hiram Johnson
The process by which a certain percentage of those who voted in the last gubernatorial election can sign petitions to vote on a law enacted by the legislature is a	referendum
The process by which an elected official is removed from office before his or her term expires is called a	recall
Progressive reformers pointed to this company whenever they spoke about machine politics and corporate privilege in Sacramento:	Southern Pacific Railroad
The only sitting California governor to be recalled from office was	Gary Davis
Which of the following direct democracy devices allows voters to approve or reject statutes or amendments passed by the legislature?	referendum
In which historical block was the greatest number of initiatives titled?	1970-99
Which of the following is not a Progressive Era reform?	party caucuses
Which of the following is not a legal way to amend the California constitution?	The governor can sign into law a proposed amendment passed by the legislature
In the 2012 general election, 18-to 29-years-olds voted at a higher rate than they did in 2008.	true
In running for the state legislature, incumbents and challengers spend nearly the same amount of money on their political campaigns.	false
Politcal campaigns are so expensive in California because	campaigns need to hire political consultants, need to spend a substantial amount of money on media advertising, and political parties are not very involved in the planning and running of campaigns
Special-interest groups often use the initiative process to achieve their policy objectives	true
Which of the following is not true about Proposition 34, which deals with campaign finance?	The League of Women Voters and Common Cause supported Proposition 34
Of California’s 38 million people, approximately how many are registered to vote?	18 million
The number of voters who decline to state a party affiliation at the time they register is declining.	false
California presently operates under which of the following primary election systems?	blanket primary
How is the Speaker of the House chosen?	selected by the House majority party
Which of the following terms describes a candidate who is running for re-election to a position in Congress that she already holds?	incumbent
Which two groups did the Republican Party add to its coalition during the 1980s?	religious conservatives and working-class whites
Since the Constitution was adopted in the 1780s, how many major parties compete with one another at any given time?	2
Federalists	protective tariffs and creation of national bank
Jeffersonian Republicans	promotion of agricultural interests and free trade
Which statements are correct about the trends in Americans’ party identification?	More people identify as Democrat now than Republican. More people identify as independent now than Democrat. More people identify as independent now than Republican. More people are identifying as independent now than before.
Where do most people get their party identification from?	their parents
Which issues are candidates likely to emphasize in an election?	those that most voters agree with
Which of the following statements explain why Republicans won control of Congress in 2014?	Midterm elections tend to favor the Republican Party. The president’s party tends to lose in midterm elections.
Which groups did Obama rely on to secure victory in 2012?	working-class voters, African Americans, Hispanics, and women
Collective goods are those which are ____ available and ____ be reasonably denied to others:	broadly; cannot
Grassroots mobilization involves	interest group members contacting their elected officials.
In staff organizations, most of the work is done by	paid professionals.
Initiatives were originally promoted by Populists for what reason?	to allow people to govern more directly
Iron triangles form among	executive branch programs, legislative committees, and interest groups.
Members of interest groups are most likely to be	wealthy.
PACs can contribute ____ an individual can to a candidate running for office.	more than
Selective benefits help overcome which problem?	free riders
The ______ theory of government is chiefly criticized for its inherent bias toward the wealthy and business-oriented interests in society.	pluralist
We call someone who enjoys the benefit of a collective good without paying the cost a	free rider.
What did political scientist David Truman refer to as "potential interest groups?"	unrepresented interests
What is the primary reason that the AARP has been so successful at increasing and maintaining a huge membership?	providing good selective benefits
What might be an example of a solidary benefit?	networking
When items are put on the ballot, bypassing the state’s legislature, it is known as	an initiative.
Which of the following best describes the organization Anonymous?	online grassroots organization
Which of the following could be considered a part of the New Politics agenda?	improving environmental protection
Which of the following is a brief filed in court?	amicus curiae
Which of the following is an example of a professional association?	American Medical Association
Which of the following was part of a new package of ethics rules passed by Democrats in 2007 with respect to lobbying?	Interest groups were required to disclose the funds they used to rally voters to support or oppose legislative proposals.
____ try to influence government policy while ____ try to win elections.	Interest groups; political action committees
The term third house refers to which of the following entities?	interest groups
Over the past two decades, interest-group expenditures in California have:	increased
Which former speaker of the California Assembly said, "Money is the mother’s milk of politics?"	Jesse Unruh
Which of the following is not a reason for the increase in interest groups in California?	divided government
"Clean Money Elections" is a concept that refers to:	public financing of political candidates for office in the state
What role do members play in staff organization interest groups?	pay dues and make contributions
Which of the following represent the things that most interest group organizational structures have in common?	leadership, money, and members
Which of the following statements about interest groups is accurate?	a very large number of interest groups would suggest a more pluralistic society
What, primarily, brought about the formation of the New Politics movement, which spurred interest group growth?	the experiences of the civil rights and antiwar movements
Which of the following types of interest groups is most likely to be involved in protesting the expansion of oil pipelines in the United States?	citizen
Sponsoring ballot initiatives at the __ level is a tactic sometimes used by interest groups. While the initiative was initially conceived as a way of giving the people control over the passage of laws, today many initiatives are sponsored by __ as a means of thwarting legislative opposition to their positions.	state; interest groups
Lobbying refers to direct contact by an interest group with a member of Congress.	false
Interest groups may use __ to leverage mass-circulation magazines, newspapers, and television to improve their standing in the community at large, whereas __ occurs when a lobbying group urges its members to contact their elected representatives directly with letters, emails, or phone calls.	institutional advertising; grassroots mobilization
high proportion of humanitarian organizations	Australia and United States
low level of full-time, educated workers	Turkey and Russia
Which of the following characteristics apply to the interest group AARP?	extremely successful in dealing with the free-rider problem, offers many material benefits, and has thousands of full-time employees
Which of the following statements about PACs are accurate?	The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) failed to restrict PAC operations overall. Evidence suggests that interest groups’ campaign contributions influence behavior in Congress.
Many interest groups formed as a result of the New Politics movement. Choose all of the following issues that these groups focused on.	environmental protection and women’s rights
Professional Associations	American Bar Association
Economic and Corporate Groups	Independent Petroleum Association of America
Citizen Groups	Natural Resources Defense Council
Public-sector groups	National League of Cities
Labor Groups	AFL-CIO
Online advocacy (netroots) organizations differ from traditional interest groups in that they have a more streamlined staff structure and less bureaucracy.	true
Which of the following statements accurately describe how lobbyists interact with Congress?	Lobbyists provide information to busy members of Congress. Lobbyists can often have direct input into the exact language that appears in legislation.
Super PACs	cannot contribute directly to candidates and may raise unlimited sums from corporations, unions, and individuals
PACs	started in the 1970s and can contribute up to $5,000 to a federal candidate for office
Of the answer choices given here, which three PAC groupings were most beneficial overall to Republican candidates?	ideology/single issue, health, and finance, insurance, and real estate
In which of the following ways does an issue network differ from an iron triangle?	An issue network is more diffuse; it includes interested individuals and activists who would not be part of a strict iron triangle
__ are the most closely related type of interest group to citizen groups.	Ideological groups
Which of the following represent actual restrictions or conditions imposed by the government on lobbying practices?	Lobbyists are required to disclose the amounts of small campaign contributions they "bundle" into large contributions. Interest groups must disclose the funds they use to rally voters to support or oppose legislative proposals.
Why are free riders a problem for interest groups trying to secure collective goods?	Free riders, because they can enjoy collective goods regardless of whether they help or not, do not provide support for interest groups.
__ benefits are provided in the form of e-mails, conferences, training events, and other communications from a group. Netroots organizations will be less likely than traditional associations to offer __ benefits to members.	informational; material
Traditional interest groups are more likely than netroots associations to rely on __. Smaller staffs and the use of virtual offices make netroots groups __ expensive to operate than traditional ones.	professional advocates; less
Although __ are vastly outnumbered by other economic groups in Washington, D.C., they have the highest average __ spending of all interest groups.	labor groups; PAC
Changes in technology have helped activist groups grow since the 1970s.	true
Choose all of the following that are a part of an iron triangle.	an administrative agency, a supportive interest group, and a congressional committee
The largest growth in the number of interest groups happened in the 1910s and 1920s.	false
Choose all of the following that are examples of material benefits.	travel discounts for being a member of AARP and a mug or tote bag that you receive for donating to National Public Radio (NPR) or the Public Broadcasting System (PBS)
An individual who offers his or her lobbying services to multiple clients at the same time is called a(n)	contract lobbyist
The principal function of an interest group is to	attain favorable decisions from government on issues that it supports
Political action committees (PACs)	must disclose campaign contributions and expenditures in connection with state and local elections
According to the text, all of the following factors are involved in the media’s decision not to cover more political and governmental news except	so many news programs cover California political and governmental news that there is little for each station to report
Over the past two decades, the number of newspapers across the United States has __, and newspaper circulations have __ in every recent year as well.	fallen; declined
Many experts see digital media as a catalyst for __ the democratic process.	enhancing
Lobbying	a strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation or other public policy by exerting direct pressure on members of the legislature
Material benefits	special goods, services, or money provided to members of groups to entice others to join
Membership association	an organized group in which members actually play a substantial role, sitting on committees and engaging in group projects
netroots	grassroots online activist organizations that have redefined membership and fund-raising practices and streamlined staff structure
New Politics Movement	a political movement that began in the 1960s and ’70s, made up of professionals and intellectuals for whom the civil rights and antiwar movements were formative experiences; the new politics movement strengthened public interest groups
pluralism	the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government; the outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation
political action committee (PAC)	a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns
purposive benefits	selective benefits of group membership that emphasize the purpose and accomplishments of the group
solitary benefits	selective benefits of group members that emphasize friendship, networking, and consciousness raising
staff organization	type of membership group in which a professional staff conducts most of the groups activities
A two-thirds vote in both chambers of Congress is necessary to	override a Presidential veto.
Appropriations are the	amounts of money, approved by Congress in statutes, that each unit or agency can spend.
Congress is a bicameral legislature, which means that its members are divided between the	House of Representatives and Senate.
Historically, the most important arenas of congressional policy making have been	standing committees.
How can a bill become a law without the signature of the president?	if the House and Senate override the president’s veto through a two-thirds majority
If the House and Senate pass different versions of a piece of legislation, the differences will be resolved	in a conference committee.
In Congress, seniority—the length of time one has served in the House or Senate—usually determines	committee chairs.
In recent years, the use of the filibuster and cloture in the U.S. Senate	has increased to record levels.
Members of the House of Representatives that are making voting decisions are most likely to listen to the interest groups that	are connected to the constituents in the member’s district.
Pork barrel legislation is a form of ____ in which Members of Congress ____.	patronage; secure direct benefits for their districts or states
Presidential power to make treaties and to appoint top executive officers, ambassadors, and federal judges is subject to	the Senate’s advice and consent power.
The Speaker of the House is the	leader of the majority party.
The president pro tempore in the Senate is ____ the majority and minority leaders.	less powerful than
The process of redrawing legislative district boundary lines to provide political advantage or disadvantage is known as	gerrymandering.
What is a reason that House members are more attuned to the legislative needs of local interest groups than members of the Senate?	House members need to seek re-election more frequently.
What is the primary concern of the majority of private bills introduced in Congress?	obtaining citizenship for foreign nationals
What is the purpose of select committees?	to highlight or investigate a particular issue
What was decided by the Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission?	It allowed outside groups and individuals to spend unlimited amounts of money on elections.
What would be the closest Senate counterpart to the House Ways and Means Committee?	the Senate Finance Committee
Which of the following statements about congressional polarization is accurate?	The Republican Party has experienced the greatest ideological shift in recent years.
Which type of representation occurs when representatives have the same racial, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents?	sociological
Who holds the "power of recognition" in the Senate?	the majority leader
____ is the formal charge by the House of Representatives that a government official has committed "Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors."	Impeachment
Which of the following was a new restriction on lobbying, enacted in 2007?	The individual contributors to a "bundled" donation by lobbyists will now have been disclosed
Which of the following are external sources of influence on Congressional policies?	interest-group coalitions and presidential proposals
Why is it so rare for a bill to be defeated in the floor vote in the House or Senate?	Leadership makes sure that they have enough votes for passage before bringing it into vote
Which of the following is a power granted to the Senate but not to the House?	the power to approve treaties
Why are positions on the Senate and House Appropriations Committees so desirable to members of Congress?	They provide the opportunity for credit claiming as members bring projects to their own districts. Positions on these committees give control over major entitlement programs such as Social Security.
How is a chair chosen for each of the committees in Congress?	by seniority, with occasional exceptions based on new policies
Which of the following statements about the nature of party unity in voting is accurate?	It remains common for the majority of one party to oppose the majority of the other party on most issues.
Senate	length of term is six years, at least nine years of citizenship is required, and both local and statewide constituency. Environment and Public Works and Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee. convicts or acquits the individual charged, involves a vote requiring a two-thirds majority
House	variable number representing each state and minimum age of member is 25 years. Ethics and Ways and Means Committee. involves a vote requiring a simple majority, initiates the impeachment process, and charges an individual with "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"
Party unity votes reached a 60-year high in 2010 in the ___. The years after 1990 were characterized by a much greater degree of ___ than were the years prior to 1970. The year 1970 was marked by relatively weak __	Senate; partisan polarization; party leadership
In either chamber, after the bill passes committee, it goes to ___. Later, after a Hearings Committee markup, in the House it goes to the __, and in the Senate it goes to the ___. On the Senate side, after a bill passes the Senate floor the first time, it goes to the ___	subcommittee; Rules Committee; majority leader; Speaker of the House.
Which of the following statements best describes a case of sociological representation?	An African-American woman votes for an African-American congressional candidate of similar age, who is then elected.
Which of the following statements about Congress’s oversight capacity is accurate?	Congressional committees may investigate a program and choose to change or eliminate it.
Which of the following statements about the committee deliberation of a bill is accurate?	Floor action on bills cannot proceed without deliberation by the committee that has jurisdiction.
Choose all of the following ways in which the House Ways and Means Committee (a standing committee) is comparable to the joint committee that deals with taxation.	Both have chairpersons usually chosen based on seniority. They are both permanent committees.
If a member of Congress chooses to vote against his or her party, what can the party do to sanction that member?	take away access to leadership PAC funds, take away access to speak on the floor, remove favorable committee assignments
Choose all of the following ways in which party unity in the House differs from party unity in the Senate.	Whip action in the House plays a more crucial role than in the Senate. Party unity is typically greater in the House. Senate leadership has fewer formal tools to gain loyalty from members than does House leadership.
How was the uncharacteristic dip in incumbency reelection for Republicans in 2006 similar to the dip in incumbency reelection for Democrats in 2010?	The two dips were issue-based; dissatisfaction with foreign policy led to Republican losses, and dissatisfaction with the economy led to Democratic losses.
Pass a bill	51 senate votes needed
Invoke colture	60 senate votes needed
Overturn presidential veto	67 senate votes needed
The __ alone has the right to approve or deny the president’s appointments of __. Approval for these nominees requires a __.	Senate; federal judges; simple majority
Private Bill	A member of Congress writes a bill that exempts a constituent from Medicaid limits for one year. A representative introduces a bill that grants citizenship to an immigrant so that she can attend a state university.
Pork Barrel	A congressman inserts language into a bill that builds a bridge with federal money. Several representatives earmark money in an economic stimulus bill for projects in their district.
Which of the following are accurate regarding the leadership positions in the Senate and House?	The majority leader in the Senate holds a higher position of power than does the majority leader in the House. The House has more party leadership positions than does the Senate.
House impeachment process	initiates the impeachment process, involves a vote requiring a simple majority, and charges an individual with "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"
Senate impeachment process	involves a vote requiring a two-thirds majority and convicts or acquits the individual charged
Political polarization in Congress seemed to reach a new high-water mark with the 113th Congress. Which of the following are consequences of this polarization?	a new record for the single least productive congressional year, government shutdown over budget battles, an impasse over the Affordable Care Act, and lowest recorded level of public confidence in Congress
The process of apportionment occurs every __ years and may grant additional seats to those states with __. The process of redistricting is controlled by the majority party in the __. The process of __ occurs as part of redistricting and may intentionally give power to a specific political or demographic group.	ten; population growth; state legislature; gerrymandering
How does the leadership’s control of floor debate in the House differ from the leadership’s control of floor debate in the Senate?	The House minority leader on a committee grants a member 30 minutes to speak on the bill. In the Senate, the leadership could not limit the speaker’s time to 30 minutes.
Rank the House leadership positions in level of power, starting with most powerful.	Speaker of the House, House majority leader, majority whip, and chief deputy majority whip
How did the ruling of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission affect the public perception of Congress?	It increased public belief that Congress is overly influenced by special interests.
Which of the following statements about what congressional staff do is accurate?	draft legislation, develop policy proposals, organize hearings, and negotiate with lobbyists
In Shelby County v. Holder, the__ was weakened when it was decided that the __ no longer had to validate a state’s redistricting plan if that state had a history of racial discrimination.	Voting Rights Act; Department of Justice
Which of the following, according to the new rules of 2013, are free from the threat of filibuster?	executive branch nominees and federal court nominees
Choose all of the major reasons for why Congress has become more politically polarized in recent years.	mobilization of conservative interest groups, gerrymandering, and population clustering
How has impeachment been influenced by constitutional language in U.S. history?	The vague "high Crimes and Misdemeanors" clause has allowed the process to be used for political reasons.
House Only	debate time allocated by bill sponsor and processing by Rules Committee
House and Senate	undergoes debate in subcommittee and bill dies in committee
Senate Only	cloture vote and filibuster
district as a whole	obtaining federal projects
organized interests	making promotional speeches and helping secure favorable tax status
individual constituents	answering complaints and solving problems with government agencies
Which of the following statements regarding conference committees is accurate?	Successful conference committee reports are generally true compromises.
Congressional __ committees were tasked with investigating Watergate, the Iran-Contra affair, and the Whitewater scandal.	select
Joint Committee	contains four permanent committees that cannot report legislation
Select Committee	temporary; designed to investigate a particular issue
Standing Committee	typically match issue focus of an executive branch agency and source of most important congressional policymaking
Conference Committee	members appointed by the Speaker of the House and the presiding officer of the Senate
Which of the following characteristics were most likely to describe a Senator in 2013?	white, Protestant, and holds a law degree
What type of bills can be introduced only in the House of Representatives?	bills involving the spending or raising of revenues
Party unity votes reached a 60-year high in 2010 in the __. The years after 1990 were characterized by a much greater degree of __ than were the years prior to 1970. The year 1970 was marked by relatively weak__.	Senate; partisan polarization; party leadership
Because they have larger and more heterogeneous constituencies, senators	can better represent the national interest
Which type of representation is described when constituents have the power to hire and fire their representative?	agency representation
Which of these is an advantage in getting re-elected afforded by incumbency?	incumbents can provide constituency services during their tenure
Some have argued that the creation of minority congressional districts has	made it more difficult for minorities to win substantive policy goals
One way members of congress can work as agents of their constituents is by	providing direct patronage
Which of the following types of committees includes members of both the House and the Senate on the same committee?	conference committee
Which of the following is a technique that can be used to block action on legislation in the Senate?	filibuster
Which of the following is not an important influence on how members of Congress vote on legislation?	the media
Which of the following is not a resource that party leaders in Congress use to create party discipline?	roll-call votes
An agreement between members of Congress to trade support for each other’s bills is known as	logrolling
When Congress conducts an investigation to explore the relationship between what a law intended and what an executive agency has done, it is engaged in	oversight
Which of the following statements about impeachment is not true?	the president is the only official who can be impeached by Congress
A line-item veto allows	the governor to reject any single item in an appropriations or budget bill
Proposition 140	limits the time that legislature can serve in Sacramento
The legislature is composed of	80 members in the Assembly and 40 in the Senate
A two-thirds vote is needed to pass	tax bills
Partisanship in the legislature	has increased in recent years
The powers of the speaker of the California Assembly include al of the following except	the power to assign members to committees but not to remove them during the current term
Proposition 140 resulted in all of the following except	an increase in office budgets
The legislative process is biased in favor of	change that interest groups favor
California has some of the largest legislative districts in the nation. This means that	elections in California tend to be expensive
Term limits have resulted in which of the following:	a decline in the knowledge needed to pass good-quality legislation
agency representation	a type of representation in which a representative is held accountable to a constituency if he or she fails to represent that constituency properly; this is incentive for good representation when the personal backgrounds, views, and interests of the representative differ from those of his or her constituency
apportionment	the process, occurring after every decennial census, that allocates congressional seats among the 50 seats
appropriations	the amounts of money approved by Congress in statutes (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend
bicameral	having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; distinguished from unicameral
bill	a proposed law that has been sponsored by a member of Congress and submitted to the clerk of the House or Senate
cloture	a rule or process in a legislative body aimed at ending debate on a given bill; in the U.S. Senate, 60 senators (three-fifths) must agree in order to impose a time limit and end debate
conference committees	joint committees created to work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation
conference	a gathering of House Republicans every two years to elect their House leaders; Democrats call their gathering the caucus
constituency	the residents in the area from which an official is elected
filibuster	a tactic used by members of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down; once given the floor, senators have unlimited time to speak, and it requires a vote of three-fifths of the senate to end a filibuster
gerrymandering	the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party
impeachment	the formal charge by the House of Representatives that a government official has committed "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"
incumbency	holding the political office for which one is running
joint committees	legislative committees formed of members of both the House and the Senate
logrolling	a legislative practice whereby agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against a bill; vote trading
majority leader	the elected leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate; in the House, the majority leader is subordinate in the party hierarchy to the Speaker of the House
minority leader	the elected leader of the minority party in the House or Senate
oversight	the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigators, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agency
party unity vote	a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50 percent of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50 percent of the members of the other party
patronage	the resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses, or special favors to supporters
pocket veto	a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session
pork barrel legislation (or pork)	appropriations made by legislation bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win re-election in their home districts
private bill	a proposal in Congress to provide a specific person with some kind of relief, such as a special exemption from immigration quotas
redistricting	the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives; this happens every 10 years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges to existing districts
roll-call vote	a vote in which each legislators yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically
select committees	(usually) temporary legislative committees set up to highlight or investigate a particular issue or address an issue not within the jurisdiction of existing committees
seniority	the ranking given to an individual on the basis of length of continuous service on a committee in Congress
sociological representation	a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. It is based on the principle that if two individuals are similar in background, character, interests, and perspectives, then one can correctly represent the other’s views
Speaker of the House	the chief of presiding officer of the House of Representatives; the Speaker is the most important party and House leader, and can influence the legislative agenda, the fate of individual pieces of legislation, and members’ positions within the House
standing committees	a permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or agriculture
term limits	legally prescribed limits on the number of terms an elected official can serve
veto	the president’s constitutional power to prevent a bill from a becoming a law; a presidential veto may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress
whip	a party member in the House or Senate responsible for coordinating the party’s legislative strategy, building support for key issues, and counting votes
A treaty requires a two-thirds Senate ratification vote. Presidents often use _____ to avoid this challenge to their foreign policy.	executive agreements
A two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate is required to do which of the following?	override the president’s veto
As a tool for achieving political goals, presidents have found _____ to be mostly unreliable.	party members
As the leading actor in U.S. foreign policy, the president is known as	head of state.
Generally, presidents can expand their power in two ways: through administration and	popular mobilization.
If the president executes a pocket veto, Congress’s only recourse is to	reintroduce the bill in the next session.
Members of the _____ tend to be closer personal and political associates of the president than other appointed officials.	White House staff
Most of the framers of the Constitution opposed choosing the president by way of a direct, popular election. Why did they oppose this method of presidential selection?	It could potentially make the presidency too powerful.
President Nixon vetoed the ____, but Congress overrode the veto. Subsequent presidents have tended to ignore this law.	War Powers Resolution
The Reagan administration is generally credited with transforming which of the following into a significant tool of presidential direct action?	the signing statement
The appointment of ambassadors, ministers, and federal judges by the president is	subject to majority approval by the Senate.
The heads of all the major federal departments collectively make up the	cabinet
The president may deploy troops in a state or city without a specific request from the state legislature or governor if the president	considers it necessary to enforce a federal judicial order.
The vice president exists for two official purposes only: to succeed the president in case of death, resignation, or incapacity; and to	preside over the Senate, casting a tie-breaking vote when necessary.
What are expressed powers in the Constitution?	These are the specific powers granted in the Constitution to Congress and to the president.
What do Sections two and three of Article II of the Constitution establish?	presidential powers and duties
What is a signing statement?	a presidential announcement made at the time of signing legislation that notes how the new law will be interpreted
Which first spouse had considerable policy influence while her husband was in office?	Hillary Clinton
Which of the following are executive orders first and foremost designed for?	to manage the executive branch
Which of the following is an example of delegated powers?	The Environmental Protection Agency interprets and enforces the air pollution laws enacted by Congress.
Which of the following is an example of inherent presidential powers?	President Lincoln mobilizing troops at the outbreak of the Civil War
Which of the following is part of the Executive Office of the President (EOP)?	the National Security Council
What is the difference between the inherent and delegated powers of the presidency?	Delegated powers are given by Congress, whereas inherent powers are inferred from the Constitution as being a necessary part of the office.
Which of the following statements about the president’s Cabinet are correct?	The Cabinet consists of the secretaries of the major departments of the federal government. The Cabinet makes no formal group decisions.
Which aspect of the Executive Office of the President gives the president the most influence over the nation’s legislative policy?	Office of Management and Budget
Increasing the size of the Executive Office of the President, using __ to control rule-making agencies, and issuing __ at the time of a bill becoming a law are all examples of presidents using the administrative strategy to increase their power and authority.	regulatory review; signing statements
Which of the following is a phenomenon that presidents are likely to be blamed for by the public but over which they have the least control?	health of the economy
Which of the following presidents likely had a supportive majority in the House during most or all of their presidency?	Johnson, Kennedy, and Carter
After a bill passes Congress, it is presented to the president and reviewed. If the president finds the bill unacceptable and takes no action on the bill after 10 working days, while Congress is adjourned, the result is __. If the president takes no action after 10 working days while Congress is in session, the result is ___. If the president vetoes the bill outright, the result is the ___	a pocket veto; passage of the law; the bill’s return to Congress
The Kitchen Cabinet is an informal group whose membership changes both with each new president and even within presidential terms.	True
Which of the following characteristics describe most U.S. presidents to date?	Protestant, a lawyer before being elected president, and from an eastern state
Delegated powers—those powers that Congress grants the executive branch—have been called "legislative in origin, but administrative in content." Which of the following describes the congressional legislation that grants delegated powers to the executive branch?	often broad and without clear guidelines for implementation
The point of a president "going public" is to better inform the public about what is going on in Washington, D.C.	False
regulatory review	President Obama orders agencies to delete rules that he believes to be obsolete.
executive order	President Obama issues a decree stopping the deportation of undocumented immigrants.
signing statement	President Reagan announces his interpretation of a law as he is approving it.
Which of the following statements about the evolution of the presidential tactic of "going public" is accurate?	Reaching out directly to the people in the nineteenth century was considered uncouth and could damage a president politically.
The vice president plays a role in the legislative process by serving as the presiding officer of the __, where he or she __.	Senate; can cast a vote in the event of a tie
In which of the following ways do executive agreements differ from executive orders?	Executive agreements relate to the foreign policy realm; executive orders apply more to domestic executive management.
How does the White House staff differ from the Executive Office of the President?	The White House staff performs work and gives advice that is generally broader and more political in nature.
In which of the following ways does the use of signing statements by presidents differ from the use of executive orders?	Executive orders usually create new policies, while signing statements alter a policy already passed by Congress
In which of the following ways can a vice president help a president?	strengthen a presidential candidate in policy areas where they lack experience, run important policy endeavors on behalf of the president, and provide electoral support in regions of the country where a presidential candidate is weak
Which presidents most likely faced opposition control of Congress for most of their tenure and which most likely enjoyed same-party control of Congress for most of their tenure?	same-party Congress: Barack Obama and George W. Bush. opposition-party Congress: Gerald Ford and Dwight D. Eisenhower
Delegated Power	adjust duties on manufactured goods and set rules concerning fair competition in key economic sectors
expressed powers	veto acts of Congress, appoint, remove, and supervise all executive officers, and appoint all federal judges (with Senate approval), and command the nation’s armed forces
inherent power	send U.S. troops into military engagements
What is an executive order?	a proclamation by the president that changes policy without Congressional approval
Which of the following statements about the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) are true?	It is located within the Executive Office of the President (EOP). It prepares the national budget for the president.
Which of the following statements best describe the role of the first spouses in executive government today?	Most first spouses adopt an area of policy focus to champion. Their role is most related to the head-of-state function of the presidency.
Which of the following statements is not a limit to presidential power?	The public rarely pays attention to the president.
Which article of the Constitution establishes the presidency?	article II
The Founders chose to select the president through an indirect election in order to	make the president responsible to the state and national legislature
Which of the following military and war powers does the constitution not assign to the president?	the power to declare war
Executive agreements are exactly like treaties except that	executive agreements do not require the Senate’s "advice and consent"
What are the requirements for overriding a presidential veto?	two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress
When the president issues a rule or regulation that reorganizes or otherwise directs the affairs of the executive branch, it is called	an executive order
The War Powers Resolution of 1973 was an act passed by Congress that	stipulated military forces must be withdrawn within 60 days in the absence of a specific congressional authorization for their continued deployment
Approximately how many people work for agencies within the Executive Office of the President?	1,500 to 2,000
The Office of Management and Budget is part of	the Executive Office of the President
Which of the following statements about vice presidents is not true?	The vice president also serves as an honorary member of the Supreme Court
What are two ways that presidents can expand their power?	using popular appeals and bolstering their control of executive agencies
When the president makes an announcement about his interpretation of a congressional enactment that he is signing into law, it is called	a signing statement
Which of the following is not part of the plural executive?	the chancellor of the California State University
Which of these powers does the governor have that the president does not have?	line-item veto
Which of the following activities of the governor would be considered part of his role as head of government?	proposing a budget, vetoing legislation, proposing new air quality standards
Which of the following group of employees are under administrative control and report ultimately to the governor?	highway patrol
How many state boards and commissions are there?	between 250 and 350
The California governor is "invisible" under normal conditions for all of the following reasons except:	the governor’s star power is only of interest to those who like superhero movies
The governor manages the executive branch, but this power is limited by all of the following except:	The attorney general must approve appointments to many boards and commissions, and that appointment power is difficult to obtain
The line-item veto allows the governor to adjust any appropriations item up or down, including reducing it to zero.	false
All of the following are true of the governor’s appointments to the cabinet except:	most cabinet appointments are routine, given to the governor’s political supporters and campaign contributors
The job of the lieutenant governor, one columnist wrote not entirely in jest, consists of getting up in the morning, checking that the governor is still alive, and then making arrangements for lunch!	this statement is probably false
Cabinet	the secretaries, or chief administrators, of the major departments of the federal government; cabinet secretaries are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate
commander in chief	the role of the president as commander of the national military and the state National Guard units (when called into service)
delegated powers	constitutional powers that are assigned to one governmental agency but that are exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first
executive agreement	an agreement, made between the president and another country, that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate’s "advice and consent"
Executive Office of the President (EOP)	the permanent agencies that perform defined management tasks for the president. Created in 1939, the EOP includes the OMB, the CEA, the NSC, and other agencies
executive order	a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation
expressed powers	specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)
inherent powers	powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it
Kitchen Cabinet	an informal group of advisers to whom the president turns for counsel and guidance; members of the official cabinet may or may not also be members of the Kitchen Cabinet
legislative initiative	the president’s implied power to bring a legislative agenda before Congress
pocket veto	a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session
signing statements	announcements made by the president when signing bills into law, often presenting the president’s interpretation of the law
veto	the president’s constitutional power to prevent a bill from becoming a law; a presidential veto may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress
War Powers Resolution	a resolution of Congress that the president can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of Congress, or if American troops are already under attack or serious threat
White House staff	analysts and advisers to the president, each of whom is often given the title "special assistant"
"Strict constructionists" tend to argue that the Supreme Court	should narrowly interpret the Constitution.
Stare decisis is a Latin phrase that means	let the decision stand.
A negotiated agreement in a criminal case in which a defendant agrees to tell the court that he or she is guilty in return for the state’s agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge or prison sentence the defendant is facing is known as a	plea bargain.
Because the Supreme Court has so much influence over American law and politics, virtually all presidents have made an effort to select justices who	share their political philosophies.
How can the solicitor general enter a Supreme Court case even when the federal government is not a direct litigant?	by writing an amicus curiae brief
If the Supreme Court grants a case a writ of certiorari, it has	accepted and will hear the case.
In ____ cases, the government is always the plaintiff.	criminal
In what kind of case does the plaintiff charge that it has suffered because of another’s violation of a specific agreement between the two?	contract
Justices who disagree with the majority decision of the Court may choose to publicize the character of their disagreement in the form of a	dissenting opinion.
Known as "the Great Writ," ____ is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion.	habeas corpus
Opinion assignment is an important power of the ____ when he or she is in the majority.	chief justice
The Constitution gives the Supreme Court ____ jurisdiction in cases involving foreign ambassadors and issues in which a state is a party.	original
The supremacy clause of Article VI of the Constitution implies that	the Supreme Court may review the constitutionality of state laws.
U.S. district court decisions are mostly made by	a single federal judge.
What entity chooses or specifies how many justices serve on the Supreme Court?	Congress
What is the name for the practice whereby the president, before formally nominating a person for a federal judgeship, seeks the indication that senators from the candidate’s own state support the nomination?	senatorial courtesy
What is the term for a court’s sphere of power and authority?	jurisdiction
Which of the following cases involved the "right to privacy"?	Griswold v. Connecticut
Why does the solicitor general have such a strong influence on the Supreme Court?	The solicitor general screens most cases being appealed by agencies of the federal government and only lets some cases advance.
Which of the following are legitimate components of judicial review?	ruling on the constitutionality of executive actions and ruling on the constitutionality of congressional actions
Which of the following characteristics are relevant for determining which federal court has jurisdiction over a case?	the parties in the case, location where the case was filed, and subject matter of the case
Which of the following influenced the Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction?	the Judiciary Act of 1789
Which statements about the Supreme Court’s opinions on a case are correct?	The dissenting opinion can signal division in the court. The majority opinion sets major precedent for future cases.
What attribute describes an activist court?	a court that overrides the actions of elected branches
What happens when a federal district court grants a writ of habeas corpus to a defendant convicted in a state court?	The case is considered by a federal court of appeal.
What factors influence the Supreme Court’s decision-making practices?	political ideology, law and precedent on relevant cases, and concern over protecting the Court’s reputation
Which of the following statements about criminal law is accurate?	Most criminal law begins and ends at the state level.
Decisions made by appeals courts are final. How does the system attempt to mitigate the danger of such a provision?	Multiple judges serve on every appeals case. Each circuit has a Supreme Court justice to review the circuit’s appeals.
plea bargain	This ends most criminal trials before they ever begin.
due process of law	A plaintiff who was arrested and then refused an attorney might argue that he was denied this right.
appellant	This is the party seeking a new trial because of the belief that the trial court made an error.
writ of habeas corpus	A defendant who does not understand why he was arrested would likely request this.
jury	This is the party that must decide if a defendant violated the law in a criminal case.
judicial activism	Justice Harry Blackmun and Roe v. Wade and Former Chief Justice Earl Warren’s ruling on race
institutional interests	Chief Justice John Robert’s ruling on the Affordable Care Act and Justice Owen Roberts’s later voting on New Deal legislation
How did the Supreme Court gain the power of judicial review?	Judicial review was established in the decision of Marbury v. Madison.
What does the logic of the supremacy clause, which gives makes the Constitution the supreme law of the land, allow the Supreme Court to do?	review state laws and review state court decisions
Order the steps in which a case goes through the federal court system.	U.S. District Courts, U.S. Court of Appeals, U.S. Supreme Court
What is an amicus curiae brief?	a brief submitted by a third party in hopes of influencing the justices
Why does the Court overturn congressional action so rarely?	The Court intentionally interprets congressional laws to make them constitutional.
lower federal court	senatorial courtesy used for appointments, can be eliminated by congressional statute, and appointments often delayed
Supreme Court	appointments more politically motivated
judicial activism	A liberal Court uses implied language from previous Court decisions, despite the absence of explicit language in current statutes. A conservative Court allows a state to exempt itself from EPA guidelines despite the supremacy clause.
judicial restraint	A liberal Court rules against someone claiming federal law discriminated against him, deeming the law is constitutional. A conservative Court upholds campaign spending limits passed by Congress and bases the ruling on constitutional language.
Among the following examples which is the best example of stare decisis?	An attorney uses a previous state court ruling to argue his client’s case.
In which of the following ways might the position of the chief justice affect the operation or outcome of a Supreme Court case?	The chief justice might exercise more influence over a case through a formal right to speak first. If in the majority, the chief justice decides who will write the decision for the Court.
Which statement best describes the role of political ideology in justices’ decisions?	Justices regularly use ideology to guide their voting behavior.
criminal cases	If found guilty, the loser may have to serve jail time.
criminal and civil cases	If found guilty, the loser may be required to pay money. The government may be a party to the dispute.
civil cases	Disagreements over contracts and torts are the most common types of cases.
Place the following actions in the correct sequence of occurrence, first to last, in the process by which the Supreme Court accepts and reviews a case. Note that this list represents only a few of the overall sequence of steps in this process.	A petition for a writ of certiorari is filed. The case goes to conference. The Court grants a writ of certiorari. Oral arguments commence.
Which scenarios are most likely to be granted a writ of certiorari by the Supreme Court?	A state supreme court rules against a citizen in a matter of racial discrimination with no clear precedent; the decision is appealed by the citizen. One federal appeals court rules one way on a case, while another federal appeals court rules the other way; the losers in both cases appeal to the Supreme Court.
Once the Supreme Court accepts a case for review, what are the steps taken to come to a ruling?	Writ of certiorari granted. Attorneys submit briefs. Attorneys present oral arguments. Case goes to conference. Winning side writes opinion.
The __ formally nominates judges for federal district courts after seeking the approval of __ from the candidate’s state. After nomination, the candidate must first be considered by the __ Committee.	president; senators; Senate Judiciary
When does the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction over a case?	in cases in which a foreign ambassador is involved, when a state government brings a case against citizens of another state, and in a case between the federal government and a state government
Which of the following descriptions of Supreme Court justices is true?	Supreme Court nominees tend to share the same ideologies and political outlooks as the presidents who appoint them.
What powers are shared by the U.S. Supreme Court and the German Federal Constitutional Court?	concrete review, review of state laws, and review of actions by the executive branch
What is one core aspect of the solicitor general’s job?	reviewing federal agency cases before they are appealed to the Court
Which of the following statements about federal court nominations are accurate?	White men outnumber all other judges combined. The majority of each president’s nominees are white.
What is the name for the body of law that involves disputes among individuals?	civil law
By what term is the practice of the courts to uphold precedent known?	stare decisis
The term of writ of habeas corpus refers to	a court order that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for his or her detention
Where do most trials in America take place?	state courts
Under what authority is the number Supreme Court justices decided?	Congress
The Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison was important because	it established the power of judicial review
The Supreme Court rules on what percentage of the appeals it receives in an average year?	less than 1 percent
Which of the following influences the flow of cases heard by the Supreme Court?	the solicitor general and law clerks
Which government official is responsible for arguing the federal government’s position in cases before the Supreme Court?	the solicitor general
Which of the following is a brief submitted to the Supreme Court by someone other than one of the parties in the case?	amicus curiae
A dissenting opinino is written by	a Supreme Court justice who disagrees with the majority decision
Justices who favor going beyond the words of the Constitution to consider the broader societal implications of the Supreme Court’s decisions are considered advocates of which judicial philosophy?	judicial activism
All death-penalty sentences are automatically appealed directly to the California Supreme Court for review.	true
The California Supreme Court is similar to the U.S. Supreme Court in that is has nine justices.	false
Most civil cases in California are resolved before going to trial.	true
Voters in California are highly informed about the candidates running in judicial elections.	false
Initiatives passed in California are not subject to either judicial interpretation on judicial review.	false
In recent years, campaign spending in judicial elections	has increased
Chief Justice Rose Bird and Associate Justices Cruz Reynoso and Joseph Grodin were voted out by citizens who were angry about the judges’ decisions concerning	the death penalty
Judges selected by the governor to serve on the Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeal in California must be approved by	the Commission on Judicial Appointments
Superior courts in California adjudicate the following types of actions:	civil and criminal cases
One method of removing judges in the state of California is	a recall election
amicus curiae	literally "friend of the court"; individuals or groups who are not parties to a lawsuit but who seek to assist the Supreme Court in reaching a decision by presenting additional briefs
briefs	written documents in which attorneys explain, using case precedents, why the court should find in favor of their client
chief justices	justice on the Supreme Court who presides over the Court’ s public sessions and whose official title is chief justice of the united states
civil law	the branch of law that deals with disputes that do not involve criminal penalties
court of appeals	a court that hears the appeals of trial court decisions
criminal law	the branch of law that regulates the conduct of individuals, defines crimes, and specifies punishment for criminal acts
defendant	the one against whom a complaint is brought in a criminal or civil case
dissenting opinion	a decision written by a justice in the minority in a particular case in which the justice wishes to express his or her reasoning in the case
due process of law	the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments
judicial activism	judicial philosophy that posits that the Court should go beyond the words of the Constitution or a statue to consider the broader societal implications of its decisions
judicial restraint	judicial philosophy whose adherents refuse to go beyond the clear words of the Constitution in interpreting the documents meaning
judicial review	the power of the courts to review and, if necessary, declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional; the Supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury v. Madison
jurisdiction	the sphere of a court’s power and authority
opinion	the written explanation of the Supreme Court’s decision in a particular case
oral argument	the stage in Supreme Court procedure in which attorneys for both sides appear before the Court to present their positions and answer questions posed by justices
original jurisdiction	the authority to initially consider a case; distinguished from appellate jurisdiction, which is the authority to hear appeals from a lower court’s decision
plaintiff	the individual or organization that brings a complaint in court
plea bargain	a negotiated agreement in a criminal case in a which a defendant agrees to plead guilty in return for the state’s agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge the defendant is facing
precedent	prior case whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decisions in present cases
senatorial courtesy	the practice whereby the president, before formally nominating a person for a federal judgeship, seeks the indication that senators from the candidates own sate support the nomination
solicitor general	the top government lawyer in all cases before the supreme court in which the government is a party
stare decisis	literally, "let the decision stand"; the doctrine that a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled
supremacy clause	Article VI of the Constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties "shall be the supreme law of the land" and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision
supreme court	the highest court in a particular state or in the United States; this court primarily serves an appellate function
trial court	the first court to hear a criminal or civil case
writ of certiorari	a decision of at least four of the nine Supreme Court justices to review a decision of a lower court; certiorari is Latin, meaning "to make more certain"
writ of habeas corpus	a court order that the individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention; habeas corpus is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion
Fighting words fall outside constitutional protection because they	directly incite violence.
Civil liberties are	limitations on government action.
Due process of law is	the right of every citizen against arbitrary government action.
Eminent domain is the power of government to	take private property for public use.
In the 2006 case of United States v. Grubbs, the Supreme Court ruled that	police could conduct searches using such "anticipatory warrants."
In the important 1945 case concerning eminent domain, the Supreme Court essentially ruled that	the "public interest" used to justify eminent domain can mean anything a legislature wants it to mean.
Selective incorporation	considers the provisions of the Bill of Rights one by one and selectively applies them as limits on the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
Speech that is accompanied by conduct and that can be regulated by the government to preserve public order is called	speech plus.
The Fifth Amendment protects against	double jeopardy.
The Supreme Court rules in Lawrence v. Texas that the right to privacy	extends to gay and lesbian citizens.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade was based on the	right to privacy.
The exclusionary rule is illustrated by which Supreme Court case?	Mapp v. Ohio
The free exercise clause protects	the right to believe in and practice one’s religion of choice.
The idea of separation of church and state is most closely associated with the	establishment clause
The most dramatic restraint imposed on police by the Bill of Rights, which can free those people who are known to have committed the crime of which they have been accused, is the	exclusionary rule.
The right of the people "to keep and bear Arms" is based on	participation in state militias.
Which of the following is a component of the Lemon test?	determining whether government involvement advances a particular religion
Which of the following is established by the Fifth Amendment?	The courts cannot hold trials for serious offenses without provision for a grand jury.
Which of the following is true of the Supreme Court’s treatment of student speech?	It has allowed conditional restrictions on student free speech depending on the content of the speech.
Which of the following statements about the death penalty is accurate?	The United States is the only Western nation that still executes criminals.
___ liberties place restraints on how government is supposed to act, while ___ liberties limit what the government has the power to do.	procedural; substantive
Which of the following is a component of the Lemon test?	…

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