Physical Geography Chapter 2

A map scale which says "1 in. = 21 mi" is a

verbal map scale

_____________ are automated systems for the ?capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display?of spatially referenced data

Geographic Information Systems

Radar systems use radio waves as a means for remote sensing. Radio waves are shorter than which of these waves in the electromagnetic spectrum?

Radio waves are the longest waves

Isoline is a generic term that refers to lines joining?places of equal value or something. Isolines ?joining places of equal elevation are known as

contour lines

Map projections that preserve the correct shapes ?of places and compromise area are known as

conformal

Globes are less frequently used than maps ?except for classroom purposes. This is because ?globes

are cumbersome

Which of the following is not an example of a remote sensing system?

Lambert-conformal maps

The map legend tells you

how to interpret the map

Maps nearly always have a special purpose. ?This purpose is to

show the distribution of selected phenomena

The global positioning system (GPS)

uses satellite measurements to provide navigation on Earth’s surface

The most famous and, undoubtedly, most widely used of all the map projections is the ________ projection

Mercator

_______ is the type of remote sensing imagery best suited to use at night

Thermal infrared

The first aerial photographs were taken ________

in the middle 1800s

Of the following, which is NOT considered a map essential?

color

Which of the following is essential for GPS to function?

highly accurate clocks

The largest scale among the following representative fractions is ________.

1:10,000

The relationship between the map distance and the corresponding distance on the ground is known as the ________.

scale

The scale of one inch equals one mile is ________ in a representative fraction.

1:63,000

Which of the below, because of the wavelengths it uses, tends to have the low spatial resolution of Earth surface features?

microwave remote sensing

The "false color" imagery of some aerial photographs is also termed ________.

color IR

Which mapmaking method would be used to minimize distortion of continents on a world map?

an interrupted projection

The characteristic of projections which portray accurate sizes but distort the shapes of land masses is called ________.

equivalence

Aside from normal photographic film, ________ film has proven very valuable for interpretation of Earth resources from airborne cameras.

color infrared

Central meridians are essential features on a ________ projection.

interrupted

Which of the following is considered a "perfect" map projection in terms of the amount of distortion associated with it?

none of the above

All map projections have this in common.

some distortion

A major disadvantage of oblique aerial photographs as compared to vertical air photographs is that ________.

accurate measurement is more difficult

________ is the science of obtaining reliable measurements from photographs.

Photogrammetry

One difference between any two different map projections must always be

how the geographic grid is arranged

Most of the maps in the text are drawn on ________ projections for an optimal portrayal of worldwide distributions.

equivalent

Conformal maps greatly distort ________ of continents in higher latitudes.

sizes

By far, the greatest use of thermal IR scanning systems has been

onboard meteorological satellites

On which type of aerial imagery would a football field of artificial grass be discernible from natural grass?

color infrared photography

Microwave imagery is ideally suited for sensing ________.

moisture

On large scale maps, equivalence and conformity can be

simultaneously approximated for small areas

The first airborne platform for aerial photography was a ________

balloon

The smallest scale of the following is

1:900,000

Map projections are mainly derived ________.

mathematically

The scale of 1:63,360 is the same as one inch equals ________.

one mile

On small scale maps, it is difficult to achieve ________.

equivalence

________ is the science of taking reliable measurements from aerial photographs.

Photogrammetry

In ________ film photography, the photographic film is sensitive to wavelengths longer than visible light.

color infrared

A(n) ________ is the generic term for any map line which joins points of equal value

isoline

The property of equivalence portrays accurate size although it ________.

distorts shapes

A loxodrome is another term for ________.

rhumb line

The main purpose of the interruption of projections is ________.

to highlight continents with minimum distortion

The type of remote sensing which penetrates clouds at night for accurate terrain representation is ________.

radar

A line connecting points with equal precipitation is known as an ________.

isohyet

Isolines have all the properties EXCEPT the following:

They may cross each other

A(n) ________ scale remains correct even if the map is enlarged or reduced when reproduced.

graphic

The first cartographer to use isolines on a published map was ________.

Halley

Three dimensional effects are best obtained with ________.

vertical aerial photographs

Together, title, date, and legend on a map are known as

map essentials

Which remote sensing systems sense the longest wavelengths?

microwave imaging

The scale of "an inch on the map represents two miles on the surface of the Earth" would be CLOSEST to which representative fraction?

1:120,000

A disadvantage of globes compared to maps is that globes are not

as portable

The original purpose of the Mercator projection was

for ocean navigation

In the Mercator projection, which piece of the Earth is portrayed ridiculously large in comparison to its actual size?

Greenland

Which of the following is a form of remote sensing?

ALL OF THE ABOVE. aerial photography, color infrared photography, radar and thermal infrared imaging

Radar is an "active" remote sensing system and ________ is a "passive" system using the same wavelengths.

microwave sensing

Which of the following refers to an "active" remote sensing system?

radar

The most important Earth resources satellite series was started in the 1970s and is known as

Landsat

Unlike aerial photography, Landsat imagery is interpreted through ________.

numerical manipulation of various wavelengths

MODIS is associated with which satellite series?

EOS

Satellite data are analyzed in individual pieces representing several to many meters on the Earth’s surface. These pieces are known as

pixels

Which of the following bands are NOT used by the Earth-sensing satellites mentioned in the text?

x-rays

On color infrared photography, living green vegetation would appear

red

If one wished to produce a map which focused on the continents and showed little of the world’s oceans, then she/he should use a(n) ________ projection.

interrupted

A loxodrome is

a line of constant compass bearing

A Mercator map is constructed by projecting the grid of the globe onto a(n) ________.

cylinder

Which of the following is the most recent type of Earth resource satellites?

EOS

Which of the following is an advantage of radar over all other remote sensing techniques?

It can operate at night

Which of the following should contain a brief summary of the map’s content or purpose?

the title

The explanations of symbols used on a map should be contained in

the legend

Which of the following is most closely identified with "multispectral remote sensing"?

Landsat

"Scale" relates ________ to ________

map distance, Earth distance

Every map projection consists of an orderly arrangement of

the geographic grid

Misuse of the Mercator projection is a result of

latitudinal differences in scale

How much area is shown in an entire Landsat image?

a few thousand square kilometers

A mountain appears in overlapping vertical aerial photographs. Which of the following measurements could be made by use of the photographs?

ALL OF THE ABOVE. exact altitudes, area, steepness of its slopes and contour lines

Radar senses energy in wavelengths longer than 1 ________.

millimeter

The ERTS series of satellites, launched in the 1970s, is now known as

Landsat

The basic imaging instrument in the Landsat series of satellites is known as the

thematic mapper

Aerial photography of the Earth’s surface taken from an angle other than straight down is termed ________.

oblique

A GIS is a library of information based on

maps

Which of the below wavelengths have been most useful in expanding measure biomass?

near infrared

Which of the following is NOT associated with Landsat images?

the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum

The ________ projection is probably the most famous and well-used projection for world maps.

Mercator

In terms of remote sensing, geographers

should not stop using maps and field study

On an orthophoto map, one might expect to find

distortion-free photographs

Which of the following is the acronym for the system of U.S. Department of Defense satellites which are used to establish exact locations on Earth?

GPS

Which of the following has been accomplished using the new geopositioning technology?

ALL OF THE ABOVE. ocean floor mapping, earthquake prediction, natural disaster damage assessment, and volcano monitoring

Geopositioning technology

has accuracies better than the best base maps

Which of the following would be used for overlay map analysis where two or more map layers are superimposed or integrated?

GIS

Geographic information system technology is a direct result of advances in

ALL OF THE ABOVE. surveying, computer cartography, spatial statistics, and remote sensing

For the geographer, the new mapping tools like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS are best viewed as

adjuncts to field study

Which of the following would be a type of application in which a geographic information system could be used?

ALL OF THE ABOVE. integrating topographic information with vegetation information, environment site assessment, resource management, and environmental monitoring

The U.S. version of GPS is dependent on triangulation using a network of at least ________ satellites

24

To represent elevation on maps, cartographers use ________, which are a form of isoline.

contour lines

________ is what enables aerial photographs to be viewed in "stereo."

Overlap

Which of the following choices represents a technology into which the other choices can be used as inputs?

GIS

________ is the "major dilemma" of mapmaking explained by the text.

Equivalence versus conformality

The global positioning system (GPS) is based on

data from satellites

A(n) ________ is a line joining points of equal magnetic declination.

isogonic line

A(n) ________ map contains lines joining points of equal elevation.

contour

________ are multicolored, distortion-free photographic image maps. Displacements caused by camera tilt or differences in terrain elevations have been removed.

Orthophoto maps

To use ________, aerial photographs must be carefully overlapped.

a stereoscope

You wish to navigate your yacht from Europe to the United States. Which type of map projection would be most useful?

Mercator

Which of the following portions of the electromagnetic spectrum is sensed on FILM?

color infrared

Which remote sensing technology demonstrates universal applicability to most problems?

none of the above

To construct an isoline on a map it is necessary to

interpolate between points of known value

Maps can be made by projecting Earth’s spherical grid onto

ALL OF THE ABOVE. a cone, cylinder, piece of paper and a plane

Which of the following is TRUE concerning GPS technology?

The technology is freely available to the public

Which of the following is NOT part of a Geographic Information System?

human drawing of isolines on maps

A geometrically corrected map consisting of aerial photographs is known as a(n) ________ map.

orthophoto

Which of the following forms of remote sensing is based on sound?

sonar

An example of a large-scale map is a classroom wall map of the world.

False

The earliest aerial photographs were taken from balloons.

true

Because they are shaped like the real Earth, globes are usually the best way to convey Earth information.

false

At a scale of 1:10,000, the distance of an inch on a map would represent more than a mile on the ground.

false

A globe maintains the properties of conformality and equivalence

true

A pseudocylindrical projection is a roughly football-shaped map.

true

All conformal projections have meridians and parallels crossing each other at right angles, just as they do on the globe.

true

Thermal infrared images are the most useful type of images for detecting different vegetation types.

false

Choosing the appropriate equivalence projection will result in a map with no distortion in its depiction of Earth features or areas.

false

The maps in your physical geography textbook are an example of automated cartography and were produced using desktop computers.

true

The Mercator projection is very close to maintaining equivalence in low latitudes.

true

A globe is a better model of Earth as a whole than any map.

true

Landsat images are unavailable for public use owing to their "top secret" classification by the U.S. government.

false

On a Mercator projection, the North Pole would be represented by a line as long as the Equator.

true

All map projections have the basic property of equivalence.

false

The scale of a map can never be constant all over the entire map.

true

On Mercator projection, Greenland’s size relative to the United States is greatly exaggerated.

true

The original purpose of the Mercator projection was for navigation.

true

"Equivalence" in map projections means having no scale changes over the entire map.

false

The main useful trait of color infrared photography is its depiction of the states of vegetation.

true

Maps are inherently inaccurate because of their attempt to depict the curved Earth on a flat surface.

true

The one inch to the mile scale map is a small scale map.

false

There are major discrepancies between the true shape of the Earth and that of a globe.

false

Conformality and equivalence are, in general, mutually exclusive properties.

true

Interrupted projections are neither conformal nor equidistant.

false

Images from radar sensors can be acquired only during the daytime.

false

A Mercator map shows loxodromes as straight lines.

true

The Mercator projection should not be used to show tropical areas because they are greatly distorted in area on this projection.

false

A major advantage in using oblique aerial photography is the easy measurement of Earth features.

false

Microwave remote sensing is associated with wavelengths much shorter than those of visible light.

false

Radar imagery is especially appropriate for terrain analysis.

true

A map is usually much smaller than the part of the Earth’s surface it represents.

true

A map which showed your classroom building as being 6 inches long on the map would be a large scale map.

true

There is no possible way to avoid distortion on a map projection.

true

The primary reason for use of a stereoscope is to magnify the photos under study.

false

Satellites in the SPOT and Landsat series carry identical sensors.

false

GPS was originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to guide missiles.

true

The enhanced thematic mapper on the newer Landsat satellites is a great improvement because it increases the spectral range within each spectral band used.

false

A map at large scale generally shows a large portion (continental size or larger) of Earth’s surface.

false

It is important that all maps have their meridians parallel to each other as they extend east to west.

false

Title, date, and legend are three of the five ________ .

map essentials

A(n) ________ scale is a type of map scale which makes use of a line marked off in graduated distances.

graphic

The representative fraction equivalent to the statement "one inch equals one mile" is ________.

1:63,360

________ is the measurement or acquisition of information by a recording device which is not in physical contact with the object under study.

remote sensing

One is able to view overlapping vertical aerial photographs in "3 dimensions" using a device called a ________.

stereoscope

A ________ is another name for a loxodrome.

rhumb line

________ micrometers is a wavelength of visible light (ANY of the wavelengths will do).

any wavelength between .36 and .72 micrometers is acceptable

________ is the property of map projections which causes areas to be portrayed at the same relative sizes they are on the globe.

Equivalence

________ is the Landsat spectral band used for identification of wetlands, organic soils, and water bodies.

the near infrared

The main problem with conformal projections is that ________.

areas must be distorted to show proper shapes

________ is an active form of remote sensing based on sound.

sonar

A plane projection is obtained by projecting the markings of a center-lit globe onto a flat piece of paper.

true

A Great Circle Route is always shown as a curved line on a map projection.

false

On a conic projection, the circle of tangency becomes the principal parallel of the map.

true

The Wide Area Augmentation System and the Continuously Operating GPS Reference Stations exist to increase the accuracy of GPS measurements.

true

A(n)_____ is a recent development in cartography that readily allows computer manipulation of maps of Earth’s surface.

digital elevation model