|
which two gases make up more than 95% of an inhaled breath? |
O2 and N2 |
|
what is the primary component of an exhaled breath? |
N2 |
|
which substance is not considered to be an air pollutant? |
N2 |
|
a particular sample of air is 2.5% water vapor. express the concentration of water vapor in parts per million (ppm) |
25000 ppm |
|
the EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. express this number as a percentage |
0.0009% |
|
what is the most appropriate concentration unit used to express the concentration of a pollutant that has a concentration of 0.00004%? |
ppm |
|
what two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants? |
toxicity and exposure |
|
when assessing the risk of an air pollutant, which does not play a role in considering someone’s exposure to the pollutant? |
the toxicity of the pollutant |
|
which formula below describes why oxygen is necessary for animals cellular respiration? |
C6H12O6 + 6O2-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
|
of five major gaseous components of air, which is the only one to vary significantly in concentration from place to place and from day to day? |
water vapor |
|
air is a(n) |
mixture |
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ozone is considered an air pollutant in the _______ but is a valuable protective layer in the _______ |
troposphere; stratosphere |
|
the EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. express this number as a percentage |
0.0009% |
|
what is the most appropriate concentration unit used to express the concentration of a pollutant that has a concentration of 0.00000015%? |
ppb |
|
which pollutant is present in air as particulate matter? |
soot |
|
what two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants? |
toxicity and exposure |
|
which process does not involve a chemical change? |
boiling water |
|
a(n) _________ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement |
molecule |
|
diamonds and graphite are examples of |
allotropes |
|
how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are there in a neutral atom of F (19, 9) |
protons: 9, neutrons: 10, electrons: 9 |
|
elements in the same column of the periodic table tend to have similar chemical and physical properties because they have the same number of |
valence electrons |
|
the nucleus of an atom contains |
protons only |
|
what distinguishes the atoms of one element from another? |
the number of protons |
|
isotopes of an element have the same number of ______, but different numbers of ________ |
protons; neutrons |
|
when only one pair of shared electrons is involved in a covalent bond, the linkage is called a _____ bond |
single |
|
the mass number of an isotope of an element is the |
sum of the number of its protons and neutrons |
|
it is the ______ electrons that account for many of the chemical and physical properties of elements |
outermost |
|
the speed of light in air |
is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light |
|
DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in the |
ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm |
|
the ozone hole is most prominent on the earth over |
antarctica |
|
which contributes to the ozone hole? |
chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) |
|
ozone in our atmostphere is important because it |
absorbs some UV radiation |
|
wavelength is the |
distance between successive peaks in a wave |
|
as the ozone hole gets more pronounced, with time, one expects the incidence of skin cancer to |
increase worldwide |
|
the montreal protocol is a |
treaty to reduce the amount of CFCs produced in the world |
|
what is the relationship between stratospheric levels of atomic chlorine and ozone? |
as chlorine increases, ozone deceases |
|
in the periodic table, which elements typically have similar properties? |
those in the same columns |
|
in the atmosphere over the earth, where is the region with the highest concentration of ozone? |
stratosphere |
|
what distinguishes the atoms of one element from another? |
the number of protons |
|
the atomic number is the |
number of protons in the nucleus |
|
increasing wavelength of light goes in this order: |
ultraviolet> visible> infrared |
|
the mass number of an isotope of an element is the |
sum of the number of its protons and neutrons |
|
single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds |
have 2, 4 and 6 shared electrons, respectively |
|
in reference to waves, frequency is the |
number of waves passing a fixed point in one second |
|
decreased stratospheric ozone concentrations may lead to |
increased incidences of melanomas, a decreased production of crops such as wheat, sorghum, and peas, an increased occurrence of cataracts (all of the above) |
|
which product of the ultraviolet decomposition of CFCs acts as the catalyst for ozone decomposition? |
chlorine atoms |
|
determine the shape or geometry of PH3 (use the periodic table) |
trigonal pyramidal |
|
scientists have correlated average global temperature with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using ice cores from Antarctica. how is the carbon dioxide level determined? |
by measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped gases in the ice layers |
|
the greenhouse effect refers to the process by which |
atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by earth |
|
what is the effect of infrared energy on matter? |
it increases the vibration of chemical bonds |
|
the internationally accepted atomic mass standard is carbon- 12 because this isotope |
was arbitrarily selected as a convenient standard |
|
which atmospheric component does not contribute to global warming? |
N2 |
|
what is the effect of infrared energy on matter? |
is increases the vibration of the chemical bonds |
|
neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because |
their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate |
|
find the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O |
46.07 g/mol |
|
what international agreement attempted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? |
kyoto protocol |
|
determine the molar mass for fluoxetine (C16H16F3NO) |
295.3 g/mol |
|
how many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd) atoms? |
2.26 x 10^23 |
|
which conclusion was considered "very likely" in the 2001 report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change? |
the 1990s were the warmest decade of the century |
|
ethanol (C2H6O) is a common intoxicant and fuel produced from the fermentation of various grains, how many moles of ethanol are represented by 50.0 kg of ethanol? |
1.09 x 10^3 |
|
hydrogen gas (H2) is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. how many molecules are present in 1.0 kg of hydrogen gas? |
3.0 x 10^26 |
|
the carbon cycle refers to the |
movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth |
|
identify the single most effective strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions |
develop alternative energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels |
|
where is most of the carbon on earth stored? |
in the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks |
|
which characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming? |
possible consequences include altered climate and increased sea level & heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules |
|
both the clinton and bush (the younger) administrations have been unwilling to sign the Kyoto Protocol. what has been their primary objection to the treaty? |
developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions |
|
the energy of motion is called |
kinetic energy |
|
the energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body is called |
heat |
|
the property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow is the |
temperature |
|
the first law of thermodynamics states that |
energy is neither created nor destroyed |
|
how is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant? |
heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine |
|
the degree of randomness in position or energy is called the |
entropy |
|
in which example is the entropy of the initial state greater than the entropy of the final state? |
liquid water freezes into ice |
|
in which example is the entropy of the initial state lower than the entropy of the final state? |
a pot of water boils to produce water vapor at 100 degrees C |
|
which is a correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics? |
in any natural process, the entropy of the universe must increase |
|
combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with ______ to release energy and form products |
oxygen |
|
in an exothermic chemical reaction |
heat is released as the reaction proceeds |
|
the energy need to initiate a chemical reaction is called the |
activation energy |
|
any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy |
is an endothermic process |
|
the degree of randomness in position or energy is called the |
entropy |
|
which common process is endothermic? |
the production of oxygen by photosynthesis |
|
in a typical power plant, the combustion of a fuel is used to boil water. the steam then causes a turbine to spin, at this stage the potential energy of the fuel has been transformed into _______ energy of the spinning turbine |
mechanical |
|
combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with _________ to release energy and form products |
oxygen |
|
which is not a known advantage of natural gas over other fossil fuels? |
it is far more abundant than any other fossil fuel |
|
which is a fossil fuel? |
natural gas |
|
the energy that flows form a warmer body to a colder body is called |
heat |
|
in the petroleum industry, what does a refinery do? |
it separates crude oil into fractions consisting of compounds with similar boiling points |
|
the first law of thermodynamics states that |
energy is neither created nor destroyed |
|
how is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant? |
heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine |
|
which is a correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics? |
in any natural process, the entropy of the universe must increase |
|
which factor did not play a major role in the formation of fossil fuels from plant matter? |
an abundance of sunlight |
|
advertising claims sometimes state that adding something mechanical to a car’s engine will allow it to recover 100% of the energy that comes from burning gasoline, you should be skeptical of such claims because they violate the |
second law of thermodynamics |
|
which is not true about energy conservation within the United States? |
over the past two decades, industrial production has increased substantially, whereas the associated energy consumption has gone down |
|
compounds wth the same molecular formulas but different molecular structures are called |
isomers |
|
the energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of _____ energy |
potential |
|
what percentage of Earth’s water is in the oceans? |
97.4% |
|
what is an aquifer? |
a large pool of water trapped in sand and gravel below the surface of the earth |
|
which correctly describes groundwater? |
any water taken from aquifers; usually free from harmful contaminants |
|
what is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.50 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water? |
1.0 M |
|
which best symbolizes the hydrogen bonding between two water molecules? |
the picture of the electron bonding to the molecule |
|
a polar covalent bond is created when |
two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally |
|
the fact that carbon (c) is less electronegative than nitrogen (N) means that in a C-N bond, the |
shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom |
|
numbers 1 through 4 are used to identify four different elements. Based on periodic table trends, which number identifies the element that is expected to have the greatest tendency to attract a shared pair of electrons? |
element 3 (has 7 valence electrons) |
|
the correct name for CuO is |
copper (II) oxide |
|
most polyatomic ions |
have a negative charge |
|
a student wants to prepare exactly 250 mL of a 0.500 M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. What mass of potassium hydroxide (molar mass = 56.10 g/mol) must the student dissolve in the 250 mL of solution? |
7.01 g |
|
which covalent bond is the most polar? |
H-O |
|
generally, the water that has the least harmful contaminants is |
groundwater from aquifers |
|
how many moles of sodium chloride are there in 250 mL of a 1.20 M sodium chloride solution? |
0.30 |
|
which compound is most soluble in water? |
the compound with 3 oxygens, 16 hydrogens, and 7 carbons |
|
5: which statement is not true? |
in forming a solution, the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents |
|
potable water is water that |
is fit for human consumption |
|
a 0.25 M solution of the sugar sucrose C12H22O11, in water is tested for conductivity using the type of apparatus shown (look at it it’s number 16 on the chapter 5 test) what do you predict will happen? |
the bulb will not light up. Sucrose is in the molecular form in aqueous solution |
|
the attractions between anions and cations throughout a crystal are known collectively as |
ionic bonds |
|
which corresponds to the composition of the ion typically formed by fluorine? |
9 protons, 10 electrons, 1- net charge |
|
which is the correct Lewis structure of a chlorine atom and the ion that chlorine forms? |
atom: 7 valence electrons. ion: 8 valence electrons and a negative charge |
|
what is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.25 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water? |
0.50 M |
|
the numbers 1 through 4 are used to identify four different elements on the periodic table. Which element is expected to have a 2+ charge when it forms an ion? |
the one in the 2nd column |
|
what is the formula of the ionic compound formed from magnesium, Mg, and chlorine, Cl? |
MgCl2 |
|
the main reason that water supplies are "chlorinated" is |
to kill disease-causing organisms in the water |
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