|
Nonspecific chemical defenses include
A. Skin’s acidic pH and fatty acids
B. All of the choices are correct
C. Stomach hydrochloric acid
D. Lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat
E. Lysozyme
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is
A. Lysozyme
B. Hydrochloric acid
C. Histamine
D. Lactic acid
E. Bile
|
Lysozyme
|
|
The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the
A. Respiratory tract
B. Eyes
C. Urinary tract
D. Digestive tract
E. Skin
|
Respiratory tract
|
|
This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota
A. Urinary tract
B. Digestive tract
C. Respiratory tract
D. Skin
E. Eyes
|
Skin
|
|
Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their
A. Cell processes
B. Cell wall
C. Markers
D. Biota
E. Skin
|
Markers
|
|
The main function of the reticuloendothelial system is to provide
A. Filtration of extracellular fluid
B. All of the choices are correct
C. A connection between tissues and organs
D. Surveillance cells
E. Filtration of blood
|
A connection between tissues and organs
|
|
Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?
A. Intracellular fluid
B. Reticuloendothelial system
C. Lymphatic system
D. Blood stream
E. Extracellular fluid
|
Intracellular fluid
|
|
The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase and lysozyme and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are
A. Basophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Eosinophils
D. Monocyte
E. Lymphocytes
|
Eosinophils
|
|
The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are
A. Basophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Eosinphils
D. Monocyte
E. Lymphocytes
|
Basophils
|
|
Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBC’s and are the cells that function in the body’s immune system?
A. Eosinophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Monocyte
D. Neutrophils
E. Basophils
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
The most numerous WBC’s, that have multi-lobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Basophils
D. Monocytes
E. Lymphocytes
|
Neutrophils
|
|
All of the following pertain to platelets except
A. Contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
B. They are not whole cells but are pieces of cells
C. Function in blood clotting and inflammation
D. Originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes
E. They function primarily in hemostasis
|
Contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
|
|
Hematopoiesis is the
A. Plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
B. Production of only red blood cells
C. Loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
D. Migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
E. Production of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
|
Production of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
|
|
Each of the following are granulocytes except
A. All of the choices are granulocytes
B. Lymphocytes
C. Eosinophils
D. Neutrophils
E. Basophils
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.
A. Leukocytes
B. None of the choices are correct
C. Agranulocytes
D. Monocytes
E. Granulocytes
|
Granulocytes
|
|
_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.
A. Monocytes, Basophils
B. B cells, neutrophils
C. T cells, B cells
D. B cells, T cells
E. Basophils, T cells
|
B cells, T cells
|
|
When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into
A. Killer T cells
B. Neutrophils
C. Macrophages
D. Cytotoxic T cells
E. Primary phagocytes
|
Macrophages
|
|
A type of monocyte that has long, thin processes to trap pathogens are
A. Dendritic cells
B. Macrophages
C. Mast cells
D. Platelets
E. Eosinophils
|
Dendritic cells
|
|
Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?
A. Spleen
B. Lymph nodes
C. Tonsils
D. GALT
E. Thymus
|
Spleen
|
|
Diapedesis is the
A. Production of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
B. Loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
C. Production of only red blood cells
D. Plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
E. Migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
|
Migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
|
|
The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except
A. Warmth
B. Redness
C. Chills
D. Pain
E. Swelling
|
Chills
|
|
All the following are events of early inflammation except
A. Macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis
B. Brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation
C. Exudate and pus can accumulate
D. Capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema
E. Chemical mediators and cytokines are released
|
Macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis
|
|
Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except
A. Vasodilatation
B. Chemotaxis
C. Diapedesis
D. Phagocytosis
E. Motility
|
Phagocytosis
|
|
The leakage of vascular fluid into tissues is called
A. Diapedesis
B. Pus
C. Edema
D. Vasoactivity
E. Chemotaxis
|
Edema
|
|
Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?
A. Destroy microbes
B. Start tissue repair
C. To cause a fever
D. Block further invasion
E. Mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
|
To cause a fever
|
|
The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are
A. Lysozymes
B. Pyrogens
C. Interferons
D. Leukotrines
E. Complement
|
Pyrogens
|
|
What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?
A. BALTs
B. PAMPs
C. Lysosomes
D. RES
E. MALTs
|
PAMPs
|
|
Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances?
A. Nitric oxide
B. Superoxide anion
C. All of these are used
D. Hydrogen peroxide
E. Lactic acid
|
All of these are used
|
|
Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?
A. Histamine
B. Interferon
C. Albumin
D. Complement
|
Interferon
|
|
The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells and viruses.
A. Lymphoid
B. None of the choices are correct
C. Cell mediated
D. Humoral immunity
E. Complement
|
Complement
|
|
A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a/an
A. Marker
B. PAMP
C. Antibody
D. Antigen
E. Hapten
|
Antigen
|
|
The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called
A. Plasma cells
B. Bursa cells
C. Sensitized T cells
D. Antibodies
E. Activated macrophages
|
Plasma cells
|
|
Helper T cells
A. Activate B cells and other T cells
B. Secrete antibodies
C. Suppress immune reactions
D. Function in allergic reactions
E. Directly destroy target cells
|
Activate B cells and other T cells
|
|
What type of cells secrete antibodies?
A. Helper T-cells
B. Plasma cells
C. Antigen-presenting cells
D. Cytotoxic T-cells
E. B cells
|
Plasma cells
|
|
Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions
A. Function in recognition of self molecules
B. Receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
C. Are the result of genetic expression
D. All of the choices are correct
E. Aid in cellular development
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
Class II MHC genes code for
A. All of the choices are correct
B. All HLA antigens
C. Receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells
D. Certain secreted complement components
E. Self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes
|
Receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells
|
|
The histocompatibility complex proteins function in
A. Recognition of self
B. T cell maturation
C. B cell maturation
D. Antibody proliferation
E. None of the choices are correct
|
Recognition of self
|
|
Lymphocytes
A. Develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity
B. Have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens
C. Gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self
D. Possess MHC antigens for recognizing self
E. All of the choices are correct
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly varied from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the
A. Variable region
B. Light region
C. Joining region
D. Hinge region
E. Constant region
|
Variable region
|
|
Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed
A. Antigen binding site
B. Hapten
C. None of the choices are correct
D. Epitope
E. Variable region
|
Hapten
|
|
Superantigens are
A. Those that evoke allergic reactions
B. Bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
C. Body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign
D. None of the choices are correct
E. Cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members
|
Bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
|
|
Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called
A. Allergens
B. Heterophilic antigens
C. Autoantigens
D. None of the choices are correct
E. Superantigens
|
Allergens
|
|
Antigen presenting cells
A. Hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface
B. Include dendritic cells
C. Engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic
D. Include macrophages
E. All of the choices are correct
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity?
A. Anamnestic response
B. Agglutination
C. Neutralization
D. Opsonization
E. Complement fixation
|
Neutralization
|
|
Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?
A. Agglutination
B. Complement fixation
C. Neutralization
D. Anamnestic response
E. Opsonization
|
Agglutination
|
|
The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is
A. IgA
B. IgD
C. IgE
D. IgG
E. IgM
|
IgG
|
|
The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum and other body secretions is
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. IgD
E. IgA
|
IgA
|
|
_____ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum.
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgE
E. IgD
|
IgG
|
|
All nucleated cells contain___.
A. Class II MHC
B. Secretory antibodies
C. Class I MHC
D. IgE receptors
|
Class I MHC
|
|
An activated TH cell produces ___ which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.
A. Antiserum
B. Interleukin-2
C. Complement
D. Interleukin-1
E. Interleukin-12
|
Interleukin-2
|
|
Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and are cells that attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
A. Natural killer (NK) cells
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. Suppressor T cells
D. Delayed hypersensitivity T cells
E. Helper T cells
|
Natural killer (NK) cells
|
|
The beauty of specific immunity is the production of ____ that provides long-lasting protection
A. Phagocytotic cells
B. T helper cells
C. Plasma cells
D. Antibodies
E. Memory cells
|
Memory cells
|
|
An example of artificial passive immunity would be
A. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity
B. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
C. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease
D. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
E. None of the choices are correct
|
Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease
|
|
An example of natural passive immunity would be
A. None of the choices are correct
B. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease
C. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
D. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity
E. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
|
A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
|
|
An example of artificial active immunity would be
A. None of the choices are correct
B. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
C. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease
D. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
E. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity
|
Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
|
|
An example of natural active immunity would be
A. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease
B. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
C. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity
D. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
E. None of the choices are correct
|
Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity
|
|
Immunotherapy is the
A. All of the choices are correct
B. Conferring of passive immunity
C. Use of immune serum globulin
D. Use of antitoxins
E. Administering of preformed antibodies
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines
A. Contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules
B. Confer passive immunity
C. Utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen
D. Contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses
E. Are always genetically engineered
|
Contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses
|
|
Vaccinia virus is often used in the technique to make
A. Adjuvant
B. Booster
C. Antibodies to toxin
D. Gamma globulin
E. "Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine
|
"Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine
|
|
During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis?
A. Tertiary
B. Primary
C. Secondary
D. Quaternary
|
Primary
|
|
Components of the first line of defense include all the following except
A. Phagocytic white blood cells
B. Flushing action of tears and blinking
C. The tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin
D. Nasal hairs
E. Flushing action of urine
|
Phagocytic white blood cells
|
|
A properly functioning immune system is responsible for
A. All of the choices are correct
B. Destruction of foreign material
C. Recognition of foreign material
D. Surveillance of the body
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
Plasma cells
A. All of the choices are correct
B. Function in cell-mediated immunity
C. Function in blood clotting
D. Are derived from T-lymphocytes
E. Produce and secrete antibodies
|
Produce and secrete antibodies
|
|
What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin and neck?
A. GALT
B. Tonsils
C. Thymus
D. Spleen
E. Lymph nodes
|
Lymph nodes
|
|
The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as
A. GALT
B. Thymus
C. Spleen
D. Lymph nodes
E. Tonsils
|
GALT
|
|
Each of the following are benefits of fever except
A. It increases phagocytosis
B. It stimulates hematopoiesis
C. It reduces the ability of temperature sensitive
organisms to multiply
D. It increases the availability of iron
E. It increases metabolism
|
It increases the availability of iron
|
|
Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis?
A. Ingestion
B. Diapedesis
C. Phagolysosome formation
D. Destruction
E. Chemotaxis
|
Diapedesis
|
|
Acquired specific immunity involves the response of
A. B and C lymphocytes
B. Skin barriers
C. Lysozyme
D. Interferon
E. Mucus membrane
|
B and C lymphocytes
|
|
The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a/an
A. Antigen binding site
B. Variable region
C. Hapten
D. None of the choices are correct
E. Epitope
|
Epitope
|
|
Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site?
A. Adjuvant
B. "Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine
C. Antibodies to toxin
D. Gamma gobulin
E. Booster
|
Adjuvant
|
|
What process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens?
A. Antigen expression
B. Antibody production
C. Opsonization
D. Clonal expansion
E. Antigen presentation
|
Clonal expansion
|
|
Which of the following is not a target for TC cells?
A. Cancer
B. Bacteria
C. Human transplanted liver
D. Pig transplanted heart
E. Virus infected cells
|
Bacteria
|
|
Cytotoxic T cells
A. Lack specificity for antigen
B. All of the choices are correct
C. Are activated by antigens
D. Secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells
E. Secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells
|
Secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells
|
|
The immunoglobulins found on the surface of B cells is/are
A. IgD and IgE
B. IgM only
C. IgD only
D. IgG only
E. IgM and IgD
|
IgM and IgD
|
