MGMT 330 – Exam #2

​Which of the following best defines an incremental change?

It is a phase in which companies innovate by lowering the cost and improving the functioning and performance of the dominant design.

​The compression approach of innovation management is used in:

Periods of incremental change.

​In an organization, organizational encouragement of creativity occurs when:

​Management encourages risk taking and new ideas.

​Which of the following is an error that managers make in the refreezing phase?

They declare victory too soon.

​Creative work environments

​_____ are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.

​Change forces

​_____ are forces that produce differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time.

​Generational change

​_____ is a change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology.

​Coercion

​In the context of resistance to change, _____ is the use of formal power and authority to force others to change.

​Which of the following best defines results-driven change?

It is the change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of results.

Which of the following statements is true of resistance to change?

​It decreases when change efforts receive significant managerial support.

​Which of the following is an error that managers make during the unfreezing stage?

​They do not establish a great enough sense of urgency.

​KelHouse Corp. specializes in mobile computing devices. It has developed a working model of a cell phone charger that can charge the battery of a cell phone in less than 15 minutes. This model is being tested for design, function, and reliability. In the context of the experiential approach to innovation, the working model is a(n) _____.

product prototype

Which of the following is true of design competition?

​The older technology usually improves significantly in response to the competitive threat from the new technologies.

Which of the following is a difference between experiential approach to innovation and compression approach to innovation?

Experiential approach is used to establish a new dominant design, whereas compression approach is used to improve the function of the existing dominant design.

​In the context of organizational development, the purpose of small-group interventions is to:

​assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals.

​In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the blinded stage?

​Key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations.

​Which of the following best defines the General Electric workout?

It is a three-day meeting in which managers and employees from different levels and parts of an organization quickly generate and act on solutions to specific business problems.

​Which of the following statements is true of technological lockout?

​It occurs when a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products.

Change intervention

​_____ is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices.

​In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the crisis stage?

​Companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses.

​Technological substitution occurs when:

​Customers purchase new products to replace older technologies.

Flow

_____ is a psychological state of effortlessness, in which you become completely absorbed in what you are doing and time seems to pass quickly.

​In the context of organizational development, the purpose of large-system interventions is to:

Change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department.

​Which of the following statements is true of experiential approach to innovation?

It uses intuition and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning.

​Which of the following is an error that managers make in the change phase?

​They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten.

​Dominant design

_____ is a new technological design or process that becomes the accepted market standard.

​In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the dissolution stage?

​The company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings.

​Which of the following is true of the S-curve pattern of innovation of a product?

​The flat slope indicates that increased effort brings only small improvements in technological performance.

​In the context of organizational development, the purpose of person-focused interventions is to:

increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes.

​Which of the following best defines technological discontinuity?

It is the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function.

​Which of the following is a regional trade agreement between most European countries?

The Maastricht Treaty of Europe

Which of the following statements is true of the World Trade Organization?

​It ensures that trade flows as predictably and freely as possible.

Political uncertainty is the risk associated with:

social unrest.

Strategic alliance

​_____ is an agreement in which companies combine key resources, costs, risks, technology, and people.

​Which of the following is an advantage of licensing?

It allows companies to earn additional profits without investing more money.

​The two kinds of cooperative contracts are:

licensing and franchising.

Cross-cultural training

​_____ can help reduce uncertainty about how to act and decrease misunderstandings between expatriates and their families and locals.

​Which of the following statements is true of the Maastricht Treaty of Europe?

​Its purpose was to transform twelve different economies and currencies into one common economic market with one common currency.

​Which of the following best defines a tariff?

It is a direct tax on imported goods.

Global new ventures

​_____ are new companies that are founded with an active global strategy and have sales, employees, and financing in different countries.

Wholly owned affiliates

​ _____ are foreign offices, facilities, and manufacturing plants that are 100 percent owned by the parent company.

​Which of the following is a disadvantage of franchising?

​Franchisors face a loss of control when they sell businesses to franchisees who are thousands of miles away.

​Political uncertainty

​_____ is the risk of major changes in political regimes that can result from war, revolution, death of political leaders, or other influential events.

​Which of the following trade barriers is established to protect the health and safety of citizens?

​Government import standards

Individualism

​_____ is the degree to which societies believe that individuals should be self-sufficient.

​A franchise is a collection of networked firms in which the manufacturer or marketer of a product or service licenses the entire business to another person or organization called the _____.

franchisee

​Which of the following statements is true of global consistency?

It simplifies decisions for managers at company headquarters.

​Field simulation training

​_____ is a technique in which trainees are placed in an ethnic neighborhood for three to four hours to talk to residents about cultural differences.

​In the context of cross-cultural training, the practice of adapting to cultural differences is called:

​cultural simulation.

​Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the success and failure of an international assignment?

How well an expatriate’s spouse and family adjust to the foreign culture

​Which of the following is a disadvantage of wholly owned affiliates?

The expense of building new operations

​If companies focus too much on local adaptation, they run the risk of:

losing the cost effectiveness and productivity that result from using standardized rules and procedures throughout the world.

In the context of global markets, which of the following factors helps companies determine the growth potential of foreign markets?​

Purchasing power

Exporting

​_____ is selling domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries.

​Which of the following is a disadvantage of exporting?

Transportation costs can significantly increase the price of an exported product.

Quotas

​_____ are specific limits on the number or volume of imported products.

​Crimsom Corp., an electronics manufacturer in Mallowdeer, plans to enter a foreign market. It wants to establish its new office in Ostview. Which of the following is a qualitative factor that Crimsom Corp. should consider while choosing the new office location?

Company strategy

Which of the following is an advantage of joint ventures?

They help companies avoid tariff and nontariff barriers to entry.

​Which of the following trends has allowed companies to skip the phase model of globalization when going global?

Low-cost communication technologies make it easier to communicate with global customers.

Protectionism

​_____ is a government’s use of trade barriers to shield domestic companies and their workers from foreign competition.

Which of the following is a difference between a line function and a staff function?

A line function contributes directly to selling a company’s products, whereas a staff function does not contribute directly to selling a company’s products but instead supports line activities.

In the context of task interdependence, in _____, each job or department contributes to the whole independently.​

pooled interdependence

​The _____ is an approach to job redesign that seeks to formulate jobs in ways that motivate workers and lead to positive work outcomes.

job characteristics model

​In the context of the job characteristics model, _____ is motivation that comes from the job itself rather than from outside rewards such as a raise or praise from the boss.

​internal motivation

Which of the following best defines an interorganizational process?

It is the collection of activities that take place among organizations to transform inputs into outputs that customers value.

Which of the following best defines delegation of authority?

It is the assignment of direct responsibility to a subordinate to complete tasks for which a manager is normally responsible.

​Tom is an editor for the sports column at Mailing Daily. Chloe, Tom’s manager, asks him to handle the essay column along with the sports column. Which of the following job redesign techniques is used by Chloe?

Job enlargement

​Which of the following best defines staff authority?

It is the right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates in the chain of command.

​_____ is solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes.

​Standardization

​Which of the following is an advantage of product departmentalization?

​It allows managers and workers to specialize in one area of expertise.

​In the context of organizational environments, which of the following is true of mechanistic organizations?

They are characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities.

​The second transfer that occurs with delegation is:

​that a manager gives a subordinate full authority over the budget, resources, and personnel needed to do a job.

​In the context of the job characteristics model, which of the following best defines autonomy?

​It is the degree to which a job gives workers the discretion, freedom, and independence to decide how and when to accomplish the work.

​_____ is the location of most authority at the upper levels of an organization.

​Centralization of authority

​In the context of task interdependence, in _____, different jobs or groups work together in a back-and-forth manner to complete an intraorganizational process.

​reciprocal interdependence

​Which of the following is an advantage of matrix departmentalization?

​It allows companies to manage in an efficient manner large, complex tasks.

​Which of the following is an advantage of geographic departmentalization?

It can reduce costs by locating unique organizational resources closer to customers.

​Staff function:

is an activity that does not contribute directly to creating or selling a company’s products but instead supports line activities.

​_____ is a management principle that workers should report to just one boss.

​Unity of command

​Which of the following is a disadvantage of modular organizations?

They are characterized by a loss of control that occurs when key business activities are outsourced to other companies.

Which of the following statements is true of a work team?

A work team consists of a small number of people with complementary skills.

Which of the following is most likely a result of minority domination?

Team members do not feel accountable for the decision and actions taken by their teams.

​Which of the following is a characteristic of cognitive conflict?

Reconciliation

​Which of the following is a disadvantage of work teams?

​Initially high turnover

​Which of the following is true of the right team size for good performance?

A team must be large enough to take advantage of team members’ diverse skills and knowledge.

​The finance team of a company conducts a meeting to discuss the worthiness of investing its funds in the local share market. Although most of the team members support the idea, one member, Mikhail, feels that the proposed investment is risky as the stock prices of many companies in the market has been erratic. However, Mikhail does not voice his opinion fearing that his dynamics with the team would be affected. The phenomenon that reflects Mikhail’s psychology is called _____.

groupthink

​Onyx Inc., a manufacturer of home appliances, received consumer complaints about its product demonstration and installation services. Marshall, the company’s chief executive officer, ordered investigation to determine the reasons for these complaints. It was found that employees who were hired to demonstrate and install the products lacked experience. Marshall immediately formed a team who were trained by technicians to improve their skills. Subsequently, all the consumers who had previously filed complaints were given effective demonstration. Eventually, the customer service desk started receiving appreciations and the sales improved. In this scenario, the work team improved _____.

customer satisfaction

Which of the following is an advantage of project teams?

They reduce communication barriers.

​Identify a true statement about team norms.

They bestow stronger organizational commitment.

​Gillian, a salesman, has completed his day’s tasks and is about to leave. Marsha, his supervisor, realizes that there is a task pending and assigns it to Gillian. Gillian refuses to complete the task by stating that he has finished his share of work. He suggests Marsha to assign the task to someone else. Marsha states that if he refuses to complete the task, he would have to look for a different job. Gillian now becomes more cooperative and agrees to work on the task. Which of the following kinds of team does this case exemplify?

A traditional work group

​Carmine Inc. is a software firm that caters to the requirements of its clients. The company follows an employee-friendly workplace culture. Team members can access all vital and confidential data that is normally accessible only by managers. This helps in motivating the teams and keeping them well informed. This scenario illustrates that teamwork increases _____.

employee job satisfaction

Which of the following is an advantage of cross-training?

It allows a team to function normally even in the absence of a member.

​In which of the following ways can teams have healthy conflicts?

By focusing on issues rather than personalities

Which of the following is true of employee involvement teams?

They offer advice and suggestions to management concerning specific issues.

Which of the following kinds of teams have the most autonomy?

Self-designing teams

​Which of the following statements is true of team norms?

They regulate the everyday actions that allow teams to function effectively.

​Unlike cognitive conflict, affective conflict:

undermines team performance by preventing teams from engaging in the kinds of activities that are critical to team effectiveness.

​Which of the following statements is true of the members of virtual teams?

They use email and videoconferencing.

​Which of the following statements is true of the norming stage of team development?

Team members begin to settle into their roles as team members in the norming stage of team development.

​In the context of work teams, which of the following increases employee job satisfaction?

Being involved in decision-making processes

​Which of the following statements is true of the members of self-managing teams?

They manage and control all of the major tasks directly related to production of a product or service without first getting approval from management.

​Which of the following statements is true of affective conflict?

​It relates to the emotional reactions that can occur when disagreements become personal rather than professional.

Which of the following signs indicates that a team’s size needs to be changed?

If a few members dominate the team

​Which of the following is a difference between employee involvement teams and semi-autonomous work groups?

Employee involvement teams do not have the authority to make decisions, whereas semi-autonomous groups have the authority to make decisions.

Which of the following statements is true of self-designing teams?

They control work tasks and team membership.

Vanessa is appointed as the project manager for a project on new product development at Glacier Inc. After selecting employees from different functional areas to work as a team, she conducts a meeting with the new team members so that they can get to know each other. Following a brief interaction session, Vanessa presents the team norms to them. This scenario illustrates that Vanessa’s team is in the _____ stage of team development.

​forming

Social loafing occurs when:

workers withhold their efforts and fail to perform their share of the work.

Which of the following statements is true of compensation?

Nonfinancial awards tend to be most effective when teams or team-based interventions are first introduced.

​Which of the following is a disadvantage of a large team?

In a large team, team members find it difficult to get to know one another.

​Which of the following is necessary for stretch goals to effectively motivate teams?

Teams must be empowered with control of resources, such as budgets, workspaces, and computers.

Which of the following statements is true of functional departmentalization?

​It allows work to be done by highly qualified specialists.

​Which of the following is an advantage of virtual organizations?

​They let companies share costs and are fast and flexible.

​The primary disadvantage of customer departmentalization is:

​that it leads to duplication of resources.

Which of the following is an advantage of unity of command?

It prevents the confusion that might arise when an employee receives conflicting commands from two different bosses.

​Stephanie is a receptionist at Violetcoast Corp. Over a period of six months, Stephanie has done a variety of jobs, such as data entry and preparing financial statements, along with her daily work. This scenario is an example of _____.

​job rotation

Which of the following is an advantage of decentralization?

It develops employee capabilities throughout a company and leads to faster decision making and more satisfied customers and employees.

Jason is an employee at Manisch Burger and Meals. He is assigned the task of serving soft drinks to customers ordering meals with potato fries, a burger, and a roll. Which of the following best illustrates Jason’s job design?

​Job specialization

Which of the following is true of job specialization?

It occurs when a job composed of a small part of a larger task or process.

​Bridget’s Gifts, a greetings and gifts store in Janville, has four departments: flowers and soft toys, cards and e-cards, metal collectibles, and photo albums and scrapbooks. These departments are responsible for producing their own products. This scenario is an example of _____.

product departmentalization

​The second transfer that occurs with delegation is:

that a manager gives a subordinate full authority over the budget, resources, and personnel needed to do a job.

​Due to an increase in the amount of employee turnover in a company, the company decided to be very thorough in gathering accurate information about the job applicants. It decided to uncover all job-related information not provided by the applicants in order to hire only those candidates who do not have an inconsistent employment history. This scenario illustrates that the company should conduct a _____.

background check

Which of the following is an external recruitment method?

Walk-in

​Fatimah has been hired for the post of secretary at Mauve Corp. The company conducts a routine background check based on information provided by Fatimah. Unfortunately, her previous employer declines to provide meaningful references or her job history. However, Mauve Corp. ignores this lack of data and assumes that she is a credible employee. Mauve is at the risk of being sued under _____ lawsuit.

disparate treatment

​Jennifer applied for the job of a waitress at Sam’s Coffee shop. During the recruitment, the recruiter asked her to make five different types of beverages and wait the tables for an hour. In this scenario, the recruiter conducted a _____.

work sample test

A female worker is working late hours at her office. Her manager approaches her on the pretext of inquiring about work updates. He casually turns the conversation into a personal one and starts touching her and making explicit remarks about her body. The female worker reacts furiously and tells the manager that she would take this issue to the human resources department. The manager feels intimidated and threatens her that if she files any complaints, her appraisal will be affected. This case is an example of _____.

quid pro quo sexual harassment

Zenzar Corp. is a software firm that plans to hire technical writers for its new project. The job requires candidates with good technical writing skills. Which of the following tests would be appropriate to test this ability of candidates?

Specific ability test

​Which of the following is an advantage of a structured interview?

It facilitates comparison between applicants since all applicants are asked the same questions.

​In the context of recruiting, which of the following kinds of information can be gathered by job analysis?

The knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform work

​Camila is a new employee at Dario Enterprises and is undergoing training. A senior employee from her team is assigned to mentor Camila. Camila learns by watching her mentor perform various tasks and by working on simple tasks alongside her mentor. Which of the following training methods has Dario Enterprises adopted to train Camila?

On-the-job training

​Which of the following is true of internal recruiting?

It improves employee commitment and morale.

​Which of the following will help managers in managing company diversity programs effectively?

Tailoring opportunities to individuals, not groups

The access and legitimacy paradigm focuses on:

the acceptance and celebration of differences to ensure that the diversity within a company matches the diversity found among primary stakeholders.

Which of the following is a difference between a diversity program and an affirmative action program?

A diversity program aims at creating a positive work environment where no one is advantaged or disadvantaged, whereas an affirmative action program aims at compensating for past discrimination and preventing ongoing discrimination.

​Which of the following best describes organizational plurality?

All members are empowered to contribute in a way that maximizes the benefits to an organization, customers, and themselves.

Which of the following is a difference between the access and legitimacy paradigm and the learning and effectiveness paradigm?

The access and legitimacy paradigm focuses on the surface-level diversity dimensions of sex, race, and ethnicity, whereas the learning and effectiveness paradigm focuses on integrating deep-level diversity differences, such as personality, attitudes, beliefs, and values, into the actual work of an organization.

Cerulean Corp. comprises 80 percent African American employees. The company has a record of high employee turnover over the past five years. Which of the following measures should Cerulean take to reduce the employee turnover rate?

​The company should recruit a diverse work force.

Which of the following is a significant factor behind the lack of women at top levels of management?

Women face sex discrimination.

​Ignatius Inc., a lock manufacturer, is part of a national program in which employers encourage disabled workers to work with ease. To help workers with sight impairments, Ignatius has provided them with magnifying lenses that give them the vision acuity as they need to work on the small parts within a lock. These lenses are an example of _____.

assistive technology

​Rosemond Inc. manufactures cosmetics for women. Although majority of its customers are females, it has only 30 percent female employees. The company has been witnessing decline in sales as more innovative products have entered the market. The top management at Rosemond has realized that the company should understand customer needs and introduce new products. In this scenario, which of the following steps should Rosemond take to understand customer requirements?

The company should recruit more female employees.

Which of the following programs seeks to benefit both organizations and their employees by encouraging organizations to value all kinds of differences instead of punishing them for not achieving specific sex and race ratios in their work forces?

​A diversity program

Which of the following is a difference between a quid pro quo case and a case of hostile work environment case?

A quid pro quo case can result in economic injury, whereas a case of hostile work environment can lead to psychological injury.

​Which of the following acts provides for jury trials and punitive damages for employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, or national origin?

Civil Rights Act of 1991

​Which of the following is a purpose of performance appraisals?

​Evaluating human resource programs

​Which of the following best defines validation?

It is the process of determining how well a selection test or procedure predicts future job performance.

Darlene Jespersen used to work in a sports bar. Despite being nominated by her manager for a promotion for her outstanding performance, the nomination was rejected, and a male coworker was awarded the promotion. Subsequently, Darlene’s manager informed her that she was not promoted because the post requires working extra hours, and the management considered that to be a difficult task for a female employee. This is an example of _____.

disparate treatment

Which of the following is a subjective performance measure?

Graphic rating scales

The recruitment head at Auburn Inc. circulated an email to all the employees requesting them to share profiles of suitable candidates. Pamela forwarded one of her friends’ resume to the recruitment head as she felt that her friend’s expertise would suit the job description. Which of the following methods of recruitment has Auburn Inc. adopted in this scenario?

Employee referral

Which of the following is true of developmental feedback?

It is designed to improve future performance.

​Capital Chemicals Corp. recently faced a legal hassle following which many process operators resigned voluntarily. The company fell short of efficient and experienced process operators and struggled to cope with the situation. Which of the following kinds of turnover does this scenario exemplify?

Dysfunctional turnover

​Which of the following is a criterion outlined in the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures that is used in determining whether companies have engaged in discriminatory hiring and promotion practices?

Disparate treatment

Which of the following defines job posting?

​It is a procedure for advertising job openings within a company to existing employees.

​Which of the following is a difference between structured interviews and unstructured interviews?

In structured interviews, interviewers prepare standardized interview questions ahead of time; whereas, in unstructured interviews, interviewers are free to ask applicants anything they want.

​Which of the following is an example of adverse impact, a criterion used in determining whether companies have engaged in discriminatory hiring and promotion practices?

Sixty percent of the questions on a competitive exam taken by blacks, Hispanics, and Chinese were on African American history, and most of the candidates who passed the test were blacks.

​Which of the following is a reason for downsizing?

Cost cutting

​Flagon Inc., a bottle manufacturing company, pays its employees 50 cents for every bottle that is produced in addition to the production rate of 200 bottles per day. Which of the following compensation systems has Flagon adopted?

Piecework

​Job specifications are:

written summaries of the qualifications needed to successfully perform a particular job.

Companies use early retirement incentive programs (ERIPs) to:

​create job opportunities for people inside the company.

​Which of the following statements is true of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)?

It requires that employers provide employees with a workplace that is free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm.

​From a legal perspective, the two kinds of sexual harassment are:

quid pro quo and hostile work environment.

​Which of the following is an advantage of internal recruiting?

It reduces recruitment start-up time and costs.

​A job candidate is rejected on the pretext that he is hearing impaired. Which of the following types of discrimination does this exemplify?

Disability discrimination

​Diversity drives business growth by:

attracting different customers and markets.

Which of the following steps should companies take to reduce age discrimination?

They need to monitor the extent to which older workers receive training.

Which of the following is true of diversity?

It decreases absenteeism.

Which of the following is true of older workers?

​They care about the quality of work they do.

A(n) _____ is a mental or physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.

​disability

The government of a country is working to change employers’ perceptions of older workers and encourage companies to abandon mandatory retirement plans. In the context of dimensions of surface-level diversity, which of the following types of discrimination is the government trying to eliminate?

Age discrimination

​It is commonly believed that older workers:

are less productive.

Which of the following is a reason for smaller representation of minority groups in management positions?

Most companies prefer hiring whites than candidates of minority groups.

​Which of the following strategies should be used by companies to minimize sex discrimination?

Pairing promising female executives with senior executives

​When Galax Inc., a logistics firm, hired Melissa as its president, it became evident that Galax does not have a(n) _____ to prevent women from rising to leadership positions.

glass ceiling

Rohit, an Indian, is a marketing executive in an American company. He graduated from a top Ivy League university in the United States and is known for his outstanding performance, positive attitude, and innovative ideas. Despite his educational qualifications and skills, Rohit is not promoted as the marketing manager. Instead, Ryan, a white male with lesser experience and average performance, is promoted as the marketing manager. Which of the following is most likely the reason that Rohit is not promoted?

The company prefers to have white Americans at top positions.

In which of the following ways can companies ensure that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else?

Providing reasonable workplace accommodations for disabled employees

Recognizing deep-level diversity is important because it can:​

​result in less prejudice, discrimination, and conflict in the workplace.

A popular cell phone company is known for its diverse work force. When the company had to make a decision on product positioning in a new market, managers of different ethnic groups had different views due to cultural differences. Such conflicts were common in several decision making situations, which has become a critical issue in the company. In this scenario, _____ should be employed to minimize these differences among the managers.

​social integration

Sienna Inc., a software firm, decided to hire a technical expert. The company conducted an aptitude test followed by structured interviews for candidates. David, an African American, did exceptionally well in all the assessments but was rejected. Sienna has been known for discrimination against African Americans in several instances. David filed a case against Sienna on charges of racial discrimination. In the context of affirmative action, the company is most likely required to:

pay attorney’s fees and court costs for David.

The _____ focuses on bringing different talents and perspectives together to make the best organizational decisions and to produce innovative, competitive products and services.

learning and effectiveness paradigm

Manuela, a Hispanic sales executive, is a new employee at Taupe Inc. Kevin, an Irish American, is also a marketing executive at Taupe with two years of experience. Kevin is assigned the task of mentoring Manuela. The objective of mentoring is not only to train Manuela but also to change employees’ stereotypical beliefs and attitudes about different ethnic groups. This scenario illustrates _____.

diversity pairing

​_____ is selling domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries

Exporting

​_____ are new companies that are founded with an active global strategy and have sales, employees, and financing in different countries.

Global new ventures

Which of the following is an advantage of licensing?

It allows companies to earn additional profits without investing more money.

​_____ is the degree to which societies believe that individuals should be self-sufficient.

​Individualism