|
Mucous membranes are part of? |
innate defence |
|
According to the animation, B cells interact directly with? |
helper T cells |
|
Which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells? |
T lymphocytes |
|
According to the animation, antibodies interact with which innate defenses? |
Phagocytosis and the complement system |
|
Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body? |
Cytotoxic T cells |
|
If one is examining a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic worm infection, which of the following leukocytes would be found in increased numbers (as opposed to a blood smear from a normal patient NOT infected with worms)? |
eosinophils |
|
What direct effect do histamines and leukotrienes have to capillaries? |
They allow capillary walls to open and become leaky |
|
Diapedesis is? |
the migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage |
|
Why is vasodilation important to tissue repair? |
It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage |
|
Pus is comprised of? |
dead phagocytes |
|
Which of the following can release histamines? |
Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway |
|
Which of the complement pathways employs properdin? |
Alternative pathway |
|
In the classical pathway, which of the following directly activates cellular responses? |
C3a, C5a, and C5bC6C7 |
|
Antibodies from cellular immune responses are used in? |
the classical pathway |
|
Which of the complement pathways was discovered first? |
The classical pathway |
|
Which of the following are functions of lectins? |
They act as opsonins for phagocytosis, they attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces, and they activate C2 and C4 |
|
How does cytolysis occur via the complement pathway? |
Formation of the MAC in invading cells, killing them. |
|
Which complement protein is used as a opsonin? |
C3b |
|
If a person lacked the ability to form C5, what direct result of complement could still occur? |
Opsonization |
|
If a person could not form C2, which result of complement would be affected? |
Cytolysis, chemotaxis, inflammation, and opsonization |
|
What complement result involves the use of phagocytes? |
Chemotaxis and opsonization |
|
Which of the following are best described as short chains of amino acids that are very stable and can have a variety of different antimicrobial activities, such as forming pores in bacterial plasma membranes and inhibiting cell wall synthesis? |
antimicrobial peptides |
|
You note that the body temperature of one of your patients is starting to increase. As a result, you can infer that all of the following may be occurring in the patient EXCEPT? |
dilation of blood vessels |
|
Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true? |
Innate immunity is present at birth |
|
Which of the following statements concerning phagocytosis is true? |
Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with the lysosome |
|
A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes? |
phagocytosis in the inflammatory response |
|
What is the role of the helper T cell in the adaptive immune response? |
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells Hint: Remember that Helper T cells are called "helpers" because they coordinate the overall immune response without actively fighting the infection themselves. Hint: Helper T cells activate B cells that are displaying antigen, causing clonal expansion. Helper T cells also activate cytotoxic T cells, which will search for and destroy infected host cells. |
|
What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell? |
An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells. Hint: "Clonal" refers to the production of genetically identical cells. Thus, clonal expansion is when one cell creates many genetically-identical cells, each of which can differentiate to have different functions. Hint: The activated B cell divides until there are many clones. Some differentiate into memory cells, others become plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies. |
|
The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? |
Memory B cells Hint: Reexposure to a virus within a few weeks or months, active adaptive immunity wanes, returning to near pre-infection levels. With no active antibody secretion, and the "old" antibodies disappearing, what could protect this student during the second viral attack? Hint: Memory cells to the specific virus are stored in the lymph nodes for many years. When the student comes into contact with this specific Rhinovirus, these memory cells quickly divide and differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. The antibodies will prevent the virus from reaching an infectious titer (number that causes infection). |
|
Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity: |
2,4,1,3 Hint: Tc cells require 2 signals before it is able to kill infected cells. First, it must bind with high specificity to an antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell. Second, it must detect a helper T cell’s cytokines, indicating that there is danger in the area. |
|
Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? |
Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein Hint: Tc vs. Th cells Tc and Th cells follow a similar path upon identification of a foreign epitope. Which of the answers is NOT specific to a Tc cell? Hint: The cytotoxic T cell uses its CD8 glycoprotein to bind to the MHC-I of an infected host cell |
|
Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: |
2, 1, 4, 3, 5 Hint: Digestion of the Rhinovirus is critical. It is degraded intracellularly in lysosomes. The degradation breaks its proteins into small peptides which can be loaded into MHC molecules for presentation. |
|
Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? |
BCR and TCR Hint: CD4, CD8, BCR and TCR are all receptors on the cell surface, each binding to a specific molecule Hint: Both of these molecules interact with epitopes. BCRs interact with epitopes on the whole pathogen. TCRs interact with processed epitopes when presented on MHC-II |
|
Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? |
Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells Hint: Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies. One of the answers refers to cell-mediated immunity instead. Hint: The activation of cytotoxic T cells leads down the path of cell-mediated immunity |
|
A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count? |
Clonal selection of B cells Hint: Helper T cells coordinate the overall adaptive immune response. However, they do not play a major role until after the naive lymphocyte has recognized its specific target and the lymphocyte has differentiated Hint: B cells can still bind to antigen, which is the process of clonal selection. However, without a helper T cell, clonal expansion and antibody production will not occur |
|
Which of the following statements is true? |
Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity Hint: Humans have evolved to require both innate and adaptive defenses to survive. The former refers to physical barriers, phagocytes, complement, etc., while the latter refers to antibody production, cytokine production, and cell-mediated apoptosis Hint: Adaptive defenses are operating optimally when both humoral and cellular immunity are working together in response to a pathogen |
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen of humans. After being ingested by a macrophage, it prevents formation of the _____ by preventing fusion of the phagosome with the ________ |
Phagolysosome, lysosome Hint: As a phagosome "matures", it acquires a variety of degradative enzymes and the pH of the inside of the phagosome decreases. Which organelle is acidic and contains degradative enzymes? |
|
In which intracellular compartment would you expect most of the digestive enzymes involved in pathogen destruction to be found? |
lysosome Hint: As a phagosome "matures", it acquires a variety of degradative enzymes and the pH of the inside of the phagosome decreases. Which organelle is acidic and contains degradative enzymes? |
|
In macrophages and dendritic cells (so-called antigen-presenting cells) some small part of the phagocytosed particle are presented to other cells of the immune system. If you were to draw an arrow leading to "antigen presentation" as described above, from which word would it extend? |
digestion Hint: For an antigen to be presented to MHC-II, it must be broken down into a peptide of the appropriate size. |
|
Which type of cell matures to form a macrophage? |
monocytes |
|
What is the term for the widening of blood vessels? |
vasodilation |
|
What type of immunity targets specific microbes? |
adaptive immunity |
|
Which of these is an example of a first line defense? |
the ciliary escalator |
|
What is the term for the movement of phagocytes through a blood capillary wall to the site of infection? |
emigration (aka diapedesis) |
|
Which of these proteins gives strength and toughness to epidermal tissue? |
keratin |
|
Which of these is the general term for all white blood cells? |
lymphocyte |
|
Which of these events happens first in phagocytosis? |
chemotaxis |
|
What encloses a microbe inside a phagocytic cell? |
phagosome |
|
True or False |
True |
|
True or False |
True |
|
Which type of white blood cell is capable of phagocytosis? |
neutrophil |
|
What step of phagocytosis is improved by opsonization? |
adherence |
|
Which of these molecules are produced in response to vital infections? |
Prostaglandins |
|
The most abundant white blood cells found in the blood is the _______. |
neutrophil |
|
What are the five types of white blood cells? List them by relative abundance in the bloodstream |
remember: "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" neutrophil lymphocyte monocyte eosinophil basophil |
|
What is another type of white blood cell, that is not found in the bloodstream and where is it found? |
dendritic cells abundant in skin, mucous membranes, and lymph nodes where they help initiate adaptive immune responses. |
Share This
Flashcard
