|
Which of these is a receptor molecule? |
B |
|
A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a _____ binds to a receptor. |
signal molecule |
|
Which of these is a signal molecule? |
A |
|
A signal molecule is also known as a(n) _____. |
ligand |
|
Which of these is the second of the three stages of cell signaling? |
transduction |
|
The process by which a signal is converted to a specific cellular response involves three stages: |
1) reception of a signaling molecule 2) transduction of the signal 3) response to the signal |
|
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that can pass through the plasma membrane. Complete the flowchart describing the interaction of cortisol with intracellular receptors. |
1) cortisol passes through the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm 2) cortisol-receptor complex forms in the cytoplasm 3) cortisol-receptor complex enters the nucleus where it binds to genes 4) cortisol-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor 5) the transcribed mRNA is translated into a specific protein |
|
plasma membrane receptors |
– G protein-coupled receptors – Receptor tyrosine kinases |
|
G protein-coupled receptors |
interact directly with G proteins |
|
Receptor tyrosine kinases |
-catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the receptor -binding of the signaling molecules forms a dimer |
|
G protein-coupled receptors and Receptor tyrosine kinases |
-binding site for signaling molecule is located on the extracellular side of the cell -receptor is located in the plasma membrane |
|
Neither G protein-coupled receptors or Receptor tyrosine kinases |
binding of the signaling molecule allows ions to flow through a channel in the receptor |
|
Which statements are true about the binding of histamine to the histamine H1 receptor? |
-Histamine binds extracellularly to the H1 receptor. -When histamine binds to the H1 receptor, the receptor undergoes a conformation change and binds the inactive G protein. -Once the G protein is active, it binds to the enzyme phospholipase C, activating it. -Histamine is likely hydrophilic. |
|
Signal Transduction Pathways |
D |
|
Which of these is responsible for initiating a signal transduction pathway? |
A The attachment of a signal molecule to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway. |
|
What role does a transcription factor play in a signal transduction pathway? |
By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene. |
|
which of the following, when activated by a signal transduction pathway, moved from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of a cell? |
transcription factor |
|
Which of these is a membrane receptor? |
B |
|
A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a _____ binds to a receptor. |
single molecule |
|
Which of these acts as a second messenger? |
cyclic AMP |
|
Calcium ions that act as second messengers are stored in _____. |
endoplasmic reticula |
|
_____ catalyzes the production of _____, which then opens an ion channel that releases _____ into the cell’s cytoplasm. |
Phospholipase C … IP3 …. Ca2+ |
|
A protein kinase activating many other protein kinases is an example of _____. |
amplification |
|
Reception |
-signaling molecule -G protein-coupled receptor -receptor tyrosine kinase |
|
Transduction |
-adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, IP3, phosphorylation cascade, second messenger, Ca2+ |
|
Response |
protein synthesis |
|
Which of the following could account for the different cellular responses to histamine? |
-the type of second messengers involved in the signal transduction pathway – the enzyme that is activated by the G protein associated with the receptor – the types of relay molecules within the cell -the cell type in which the histamine receptor is located |
|
What is apoptosis? |
controlled cell suicide |
Share This
Flashcard
