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counterculture |
A group within society that openly rejects and/or actively opposes society’s values and norms (page 83) |
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cultural diffusion |
The dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another (page 88) |
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cultural imperialism |
The imposition of one culture’s beliefs and practices on another culture through mass media and consumer products rather than by military force (page 92) |
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cultural leveling |
The process by which cultures that were once unique and distinct become increasingly similar (page 91) |
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cultural relativism |
The principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging or evaluating according to one’s own culture (page 74) |
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culture |
The entire way of life of a group of people (including both material and symbolic elements) that acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed from one generation to the next (page 72) |
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culture wars |
Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld (page 86) |
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dominant culture |
The values, norms, and practices of the group within society that is most powerful (in terms of wealth, prestige, status, influence, etc.) (page 82) |
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ethnocentrism |
The principle of using one’s own culture as a means or standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one’s own are abnormal or inferior (page 74) |
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folkway |
A loosely enforced norm involving common customs, practices, or procedures that ensure smooth social interaction and acceptance (page 80) |
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gestures |
The ways in which people use their bodies to communicate without words; actions that have symbolic meaning (page 78) |
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hegemony |
Term developed by Antonio Gramsci to describe the cultural aspects of social control, whereby the ideas of the dominant social group are accepted by all of society (page 82) |
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ideal culture |
The norms, values, and patterns of behavior that members of a society believe should be observed in principle (page 86) |
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language |
A system of communication using vocal sounds, gestures, or written symbols; the basis of symbolic culture and the primary means through which we communicate with one another and perpetuate our culture (page 78) |
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law |
A common type of formally defined norm providing an explicit statement about what is permissible and what is illegal in a given society (page 79) |
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material culture |
The objects associated with a cultural group, such as tools, machines, utensils, buildings, and artwork; any physical object to which we give social meaning (page 76) |
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more |
A norm that carries great moral significance, is closely related to the core values of a cultural group, and often involves severe repercussions for violators (page 80) |
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multiculturalism |
A policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and so encourages the retention of cultural differences within society rather than assimilation (page 82) |
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norm |
A rule or guideline regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appropriate within a culture (page 79) |
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real culture |
The norms, values, and patterns of behavior that actually exist within a society (which may or may not correspond to the society’s ideals) (page 86) |
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sanction |
Positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including rewards for conformity and punishments for violations (page 80) |
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
The idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language (page 78) |
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sign |
A symbol that stands for or conveys an idea (page 77) |
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social control |
The formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus increase social cohesion (page 80) |
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subculture |
A group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle (page 82) |
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symbolic culture |
The ideas associated with a cultural group, including ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions) and ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communication) (page 77) |
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taboo |
A norm ingrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust, horror, or revulsion (page 80) |
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technological determinism |
The notion that developments in technology provide the primary driving force behind social change (page 88) |
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technology |
Material artifacts and the knowledge and techniques required to use them (page 87) |
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values |
Ideas about what is desirable or contemptible and right or wrong in a particular group. They articulate the essence of everything that a cultural group cherishes and honors. (page 79) |
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Which of the following is true about social control? |
When it is most effective, it feels like self-control |
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The imposition of one culture’s beliefs, practices, and artifacts on another culture through mass media and consumer products is called: |
cultural imperialism |
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The physical objects associated with a cultural group refer to |
material culture |
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when Marshall McLuhan asserted that "the medium is the message," he was arguing that |
he changing forms of media dispersion (e.g., TV, radio, the internet) are as important or more important for cultural change than the content of the media. |
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Which of the following would be considered a counterculture? |
the black panthers |
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The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus increase social cohesion are referred to as: |
social control |
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culture wars are frequently played out |
in the media |
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Marijuana laws over the course of U.S. history illustrate: |
that norms change over time and across contexts and that changes in such norms are not always predictable |
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Which of the following is the correct order of norms in terms of their ingrained significance (with the most significant starting on the left)? |
taboos – more – folkways |
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A student who claims that another culture is really weird because of the food that the people of that culture eat is using: |
ethnocentrism |
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A student who tries to objectively analyze the food that the people of a different culture eat is using: |
cultural relativism. |
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Which of the following is true about social control |
When it is most effective, it feels like self-control |
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Which of the following would best be considered a part of symbolic culture |
language |
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Which of the following statements about culture is true? |
Culture is the entire way of life of a group of people. Culture includes both symbolic and material elements. Culture acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed on from one generation to the next. All of these statements about culture are true. |
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Which of the following is true concerning norms? |
Norms often develop directly out of values |
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he spread of McDonald’s restaurants throughout Asia is an example of: |
Cultural diffusion. |
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Which of the following is true concerning ideal culture and real culture? |
Real culture and ideal culture do clash with each other at times. |
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The set of shared beliefs about what a group of people considers to be worthwhile or desirable in life is called: |
values. |
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A perspective that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and encourages the retention of cultural differences within society is called: |
multiculturalism |
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A group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle is a: |
subcultural |
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A person wearing sandals while dressed in a suit is likely violating a |
folkway |
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Which of the following is an example of a positive sanction? |
a smile |
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Which of the following statements is true concerning cultural change? |
Cultural diffusion usually occurs in the direction from more developed to less developed nation |
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Which of the following is NOT true of technological change? |
When sociologists discuss technology and technological change, they are referring to electronic technology alone and not to other tools to reshape our material and cultural environments. |
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The physical objects associated with a cultural group refer to: |
material culture. |
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The idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language is called: |
the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. |
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According to the text, why is the spread of shows like Grey’s Anatomy or Friends to other countries potentially problematic? |
The value placed on sexual freedom in U.S. culture that is portrayed in these shows can antagonize cultures that place a higher value on moral restraint, which may result in anti-American sentiment. |
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