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Which of the following is not one of the functions of the lymphatic system? take up excess tissue fluid, return it to the bloodstream absorb fats in the intestines help the body defend against disease production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes calcium homeostasis |
absorb fats in the intestines *The lymphatic system is not responsible for calcium homeostasis. Section: 07.01 |
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Lymph capillaries drain directly into the right lymphatic duct. True |
True *The lymph capillaries will join to form lymphatic vessels that merge before entering the right lymphatic duct. Section: 07.01 |
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What is the name of the lymphatic vessels located in the small intestines? tonsils |
Peyer patches *Lymphatic capillaries called Peyer patches are located in the small intestines. Section: 07.01 |
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The lymphatic system will play a role in defending the body against pathogens and maintaining a state of homeostasis. True |
True *It is true that the lymphatic system will play a role in defending the body against pathogens and maintaining a state of homeostasis. Section: 07.01 |
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Which of the following is not a lymphatic organ? spleen |
liver *The liver is not a lymphatic organ. Section: 07.01 |
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In what way are lymphatic vessels unlike veins in the cardiovascular system? one-way system |
take up excess tissue fluid *Veins in the cardiovascular system do not take up excess tissue fluid. Section: 07.01 |
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Which of the lymphatic organs is also part of the skeletal system? spleen |
red marrow *The red bone marrow is the site for the origin of all types of blood cells. Section: 07.01 |
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Where does the lymphatic system empty into the cardiovascular system? tonsils |
the right lymphatic duct *The right lymphatic duct returns lymph into the right subclavian vein. Section: 07.01 |
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Where do T lymphocytes mature? thymus |
thymus *The T lymphocytes mature in the thymus. Section: 07.01 |
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If the lymph system did not do its job, what would be one of the consequences? excess glucose in the blood stream |
edema in the tissues *Because the lymphatic system collects excess tissue fluid, if it were not working, swelling (edema) would occur in the tissues. Section: 07.01 |
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The thymus cleanses the blood from the cardiovascular system of cellular debris and bacteria. True |
False *The spleen cleanses the blood. Section: 07.01 |
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One set of the body’s defenses are called "innate." In this context, this means they act indiscriminately against all pathogens. they work very, very quickly. they only act internally. phagocytosis is involved. they are lost as we age. |
they act indiscriminately against all pathogens. *"Innate" in this context means that these defenses act indiscriminately against all pathogens. Section: 07.02 |
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Which of the following is not considered a barrier to entry of a pathogen? intact skin |
inflammatory response *The inflammatory response occurs after the pathogen has entered the body. Section: 07.02 |
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How can normal flora be a barrier to entry? They cause an inflammatory response that kills pathogenic bacteria upon contact. They phagocytize any pathogenic bacteria that attempt to infect. They use up nutrients and release wastes, preventing pathogenic bacteria from gaining a foothold. They release histamine which causes blood vessels to become permeable. They activate the complement system which punches holes in the invading pathogen. |
They use up nutrients and release wastes, preventing pathogenic bacteria from gaining a foothold. *They use up nutrients and release wastes, preventing pathogenic bacteria from gaining a foothold. Section: 07.02 |
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What cell types are involved in the inflammatory response? eosinophils and neutrophils |
neutrophils and macrophages *Neutrophils and macrophages are the main cells involved in the inflammatory response. Section: 07.02 |
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Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation? redness |
difficulty breathing *The four signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Section: 07.02 |
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Monocytes become what type of cell in the tissue? neutrophils |
macrophages *Monocytes become macrophages once they enter the tissues. Section: 07.02 |
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Inflammation is normally a self-limiting process. True |
True *When an injury is not serious, the inflammatory response is short-lived and the healing process will quickly return the affected area to the normal state. Section: 07.02 |
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Certain complement proteins kill foreign microbes by creating interferon. |
causing them to burst. *Certain complement proteins involved in the membrane attack complex kill foreign microbes by causing them to burst. Section: 07.02 |
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The reason the complement system is called that is because it is part of the inflammatory response. |
helps other immune responses. *The complement proteins "complement" certain other immune responses. Section: 07.02 |
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The membrane attack complex of the complement system is not effective against viruses. True |
True *Since viruses are not surrounded by a membrane, the membrane attack complex is ineffective against them. Section: 07.02 |
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T cells can recognize antigens because they have enzymes which react with antigens. possess specific receptors. produce antibodies. possess fimbrae. become plasma cells. |
possess specific receptors. *T cells possess specific receptors that help them identify antigens. Section: 07.03 |
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Which of the following is in the correct order in the formation of antibodies? antigen binds to BCR; B cell divides; B cell activated; plasma cells form B cell activated; antigen binds to BCR; B cell divides; plasma cells form plasma cells form; B cell activated; B cell divides; antigen binds to BCR antigen binds to BCR; B cell activated; B cell divides; plasma cells form plasma cells form; B cell divides; B cell activated; antigen binds to BCR |
antigen binds to BCR; B cell activated; B cell divides; plasma cells form *The correct order is: antigen binds to BCR; B cell activated; B cell divides; plasma cells form. Section: 07.03 |
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What is the definition of an antigen? anything the immune system recognizes as foreign to the body a protein produced by plasma cells that attacks pathogens a type of white blood cell a part of the membrane attack complex of the complement system a form of immune deficiency |
anything the immune system recognizes as foreign to the body *Anything that the immune system recognizes as foreign to the body is called an antigen. Section: 07.03 |
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The acquired defense system only recognizes and destroys cells with antigens that come from outside the body. True |
False *The acquired defense system will also recognize cancer cells with abnormal membrane proteins and destroy them. Section: 07.04 |
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What are the first antibodies produced by a plasma cell? IgG |
IgM *IgM antibodies are the first produced by a plasma cell. Section: 07.03 |
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In antibody-mediated immunity where does the antigen first bind? memory cell |
BCR *The antigen first binds to the B-cell receptor (BCR) to activate antibody-mediated immunity. Section: 07.03 |
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Phil was exposed to parasitic worms on a recent field trip to the tropics. Under these conditions, which antibody levels would be higher than normal? IgA |
IgE *IgE antibody levels rise in an parasite infection and would therefore be higher than normal. Section: 07.03 |
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What two sites are involved in the production and maturation of T lymphocytes? thyroid and tonsils |
thymus and bone marrow *Lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and T lymphocytes travel to the thymus to mature. Section: 07.03 |
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Shaun was in need of a kidney transplant. What is the most important thing that needs to match between him and the kidney donor? TCR |
MHC *The Major Histocompatibility Complex antigens must match to avoid rejection of the transplant. Section: 07.03 |
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Cytotoxic T cells contain what type of molecules that punch holes in the plasma membranes of potential pathogens? steroid |
perforin *Cytotoxic T cells contain perforin molecules that punch holes in the plasma membranes of potential pathogens. Section: 07.03 |
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In ______ immunity the individual produces antibodies against particular pathogens while in ______ immunity the individual is given specific antibodies against a pathogen. active, neutral |
active, passive *In active immunity the individual produces antibodies against particular pathogens and in passive immunity the individual is given specific antibodies against a pathogen. Section: 07.04 |
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What do "having the measles" and being vaccinated against the measles have in common? They are both forms of active immunity. They are both forms of neutral immunity. They are both forms of passive immunity. They are both forms of an infection. They are both forms of an immune deficiency. |
They are both forms of active immunity. *Active immunity involves making your own antibodies against an antigen, whether it is introduced via an infection or a vaccination. Section: 07.04 |
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The RhoGAM shot given to Rh negative mothers with an Rh positive fetus is an example of what type of immunity? active |
passive *The RhoGAM shot is an example of passive immunity. It is an injection of serum that contains antibodies. Section: 07.04 |
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If you were vaccinated against the mumps virus and later exposed to it, you would still be infected but it would not be as bad as if you had never been vaccinated. True |
False *The purpose of a vaccination is to prevent an infection by causing active immunity. Section: 07.04 Section: 07.05 |
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Cytokines are signaling molecules produced by T lymphocytes. True |
True *True, cytokines are produced by T lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells. Section: 07.04 |
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Cytokines assist in regulating white blood cell formation. True |
True *It is true that cytokines assist in regulating white blood cell formation. Section: 07.04 |
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Before working at the hospital, Beth was given a Mantoux skin test to detect tuberculosis. If it were positive, the site of the test would become hardened and red. What type of response is this? anaphylactic |
delayed allergic *The Mantoux skin test uses the delayed allergic response to indicate exposure to tuberculosis. |
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Cytokines are being investigated for a possible treatment of which disease? AIDS |
AIDS *Cytokines regulate white blood cell formation so they are being investigated as a possible treatment for AIDS. AIDS is associated with the destruction of the white blood cells in the body. Section: 07.04 |
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When stung by a bee, Jackie goes into anaphylactic shock. This should be quickly treated with epinephrine. |
epinephrine *Epinephrine counteracts the effects of histamine in anaphylactic shock. Section: 07.05 |
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Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? hay fever |
hay fever *Hay fever is a hypersensitivity. Section: 07.05 |
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An allergic response is an over reaction of the immune system. True |
True *Allergic responses are hypersensitivities (greater sensitivities). Section: 07.05 |
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Histamine, released during inflammation, is associated with which defense mechanism? innate |
innate *Inflammation and the release of histamine is part of the body’s innate defenses. Section: 07.02 |
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In SCID, antibodies are missing but T cells function normally. True |
False *In severe combined immunodeficiency disease, both B and T cells are lacking. Section: 07.05 |
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All autoimmune diseases are caused strictly by environmental factors such as viral infections. True |
False *Autoimmune diseases can be genetic or environmental. Section: 07.05 |
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Which class of antibodies plays a role in activating the complement and clumping cells? IgM |
IgM *IgM antibodies activate the complement and clump cells. IgG antibodies bind to pathogens, activate the compliment and enhance phagocytosis. IgA antibodies prevent pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells in the digestive and respiratory tract. IgD antibodies signify the readiness of the B cells. IgE antibodies are responsible for the immediate allergic response and protection against parasitic worms. Section: 07.03 |
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People with allergies do not produce IgE. True |
False *People with allergies produce ten times more IgE than those people without allergies. Section: 07.05 |
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Which autoimmune disease is associated with an inflammatory response that can damage the heart muscle and valves? rheumatic fever |
rheumatic fever *Rheumatic fever is associated with an inflammatory response that can damage the heart muscle and valves. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with chronically inflamed joints. Myasthenia gravis develops when antibodies attach to and interfere with the function of neuromuscular junctions. AIDS and tuberculosis are not autoimmune disorders. Section: 07.05 |
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