History Ch 5-8

The most important change in eighteenth-century colonial America was

phenomenal population growth.

In eighteenth-century America, the main sources of population growth and diversity were

immigration and natural increase

In the eighteenth century, the majority of immigrants coming to America were

Scots-Irish or slaves from Africa.

The colonial economy in the eighteenth century was unique because

the free population enjoyed a relatively high standard of living.

By 1770, New Englanders had only one-fourth as much wealth as free colonists in the South, in large part because

farms did not produce huge surpluses of cash crops in quantities necessary to become wealthy.

The commercial economy of New England was dominated by

merchants

Why were there so few slaves in New England during the eighteenth century?

New England’s family farming was not suited for slave labor.

Many Germans and Scots-Irish without passage money arrived in Philadelphia as "redemptioners," who were

persons who had obtained money for passage from a friend or relative in the colonies or by selling themselves as servants once they arrived.

Which colony was known as "the best poor Man’s Country in the World"?

Pennsylvania

In the middle colonies of the eighteenth century, slaves

were not much needed on wheat farms, which operated mostly with family labor.

An early Pennsylvania policy encouraging settlement was

to negotiate with Indian tribes to purchase land, which reduced frontier clashes.

A result of the comparatively high standard of living in rural Pennsylvania and the surrounding middle colonies between 1720 and 1770 was that

the per capita consumption of imported goods from England more than doubled.

The dominant group in eighteenth-century Philadelphia society in terms of wealth and political power was

Quaker merchants.

Poor Richard’s Almanack mirrored the beliefs of its Pennsylvania readers in its glorification of

work and wealth.

The defining feature of the southern colonies in the eighteenth century was

slavery

In which southern colony did the black population outnumber the white population almost two to one?

South Carolina

The huge increase in the slave population in the South during the second half of the eighteenth century can be attributed to

natural increase and the Atlantic slave trade.

Southern planters tended to buy newly arrived Africans in small groups because

small groups of slaves ensured that newcomers could be trained by the planters’ seasoned slaves.

A "country-born" slave was one who

was born into slavery in the colonies.

The purpose of "seasoning" slaves was to

acclimate them to the physical and cultural environment of the southern colonies.

Southern masters preferred black slaves over white indentured servants because

slaves served for life and could be disciplined more harshly.

The Stono rebellion proved that eighteenth-century slaves

could neither overturn slavery nor win in the fight for freedom.

As the eighteenth century progressed, tobacco, rice, and indigo made the southern colonies

the richest in North America.

In the eighteenth century, the Southern slaveholding gentry dominated

both the politics and the economy of the South

An increased supply of items such as tobacco and sugar in eighteenth-century colonial America led to

a drop in prices and a resulting increase in the purchase of luxury goods by ordinary people.

The increasing presence of English goods in the colonial market in the eighteenth century

tied the colonists to the British economy while making them feel more British.

In colonial America, deists

were usually educated and followed the ideas of European Enlightenment thinkers.

The Great Awakening can best be described as a(n)

revival movement to convert nonbelievers and revive the piety of believers.

In addition to their competition for land, colonial settlers and Indians engaged in conflicts over

the fur trade

Colonial governors had difficulty gaining the trust and respect of influential colonists because

their terms of office were often less than five years, and they had little or no access to patronage positions.

The Seven Years’ War resulted from

a dispute between Indians, Virginians, Pennsylvanians, and the French over territory in the Ohio Valley.

The Albany Plan of Union, as proposed by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson, was

not approved by the colonies or by England.

The representatives of the Iroquois Nation at the Albany Congress

made no commitment to helping the British fight the French.

The turning point of the Seven Years’ War was most likely William Pitt’s

willingness to commit massive resources to the war.

The terms of the Treaty of Paris included

England receiving lands east of the Mississippi River, and Spain receiving lands west of the Mississippi River.

As a result of the Seven Years’ War,

Indians lost their land and had to face colonists moving west.

The Seven Years’ War taught colonists that

discipline within the British military was far more brutal than they had expected.

What effect did the Seven Years’ War have on England’s national debt?

The debt had doubled since William Pitt took office.

After the Seven Years’ War, the Earl of Bute decided to keep several thousand British troops in America, ostensibly to

maintain the peace between the colonists and the Indians.

The Proclamation of 1763 was meant to

prevent colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

The Proclamation of 1763 was also meant to

keep the peace between Indians and colonists.

Growing colonial resentment of British authority during the 1760s could be attributed to

increased taxation and increased intrusion by Britain.

In 1764, in an effort to generate income for England, George Grenville initiated the

Sugar Act.

An important difference between the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act was that the latter

was an internal tax that few colonists could escape.

George Grenville claimed that Americans had "virtual representation" because

the members of the House of Commons represented all British subjects, wherever they were.

The Virginia Resolves suggested that

Virginia alone had the right to tax Virginians.

The Virginia Resolves, authored by Patrick Henry of Virginia, were a response to the

Stamp Act

The Stamp Act of 1765

set an ominous precedent in the eyes of the colonists.

The Sons of Liberty, protestors against the Stamp Act, organized a large demonstration that showed colonists

their ability to have a decisive impact on politics.

American opposition to the Stamp Act took the form of

burning an effigy of a stamp collector, breaking windows, and ransacking an official’s home.

In response to the colonial reaction to the Stamp Act, the British government

repealed the act but reaffirmed parliamentary power by passing the Declaratory Act

The Declaratory Act showed Britain’s refusal to compromise on Parliament’s power to tax because it

asserted Parliament’s right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

As chancellor of the exchequer in 1767, Charles Townshend

favored imposing taxes that would help pay off England’s war debt and make the colonists pay the cost of maintaining British troops in America.

In 1767, Charles Townshend enacted the Revenue Act, which

placed new duties on imported items such as tea, glass, lead, paper, and painters’ colors.

The Revenue Act of 1767

directed that some of the revenue generated from its application be used to pay the salaries of royal governors.

Many women demonstrated their patriotism during the anti-British boycott by

producing homespun cloth.

Mounting tensions between Bostonians and British soldiers in early 1770 led to the Boston Massacre,

a skirmish in which five people were killed.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770?

It was over in minutes, and the British regiments were then moved to an island in the harbor for their protection.

John Adams, cousin of Samuel Adams, represented British captain Thomas Preston and his soldiers who were involved in the Boston Massacre to

show that the Boston leaders were defenders of British liberty and law.

In the early 1770s, several incidents brought the colonies’ conflict with England into sharp focus, including the

burning of the Gaspée.

The Gaspée incident of 1772 caused many towns in Massachusetts and in other colonies to set up a communications network of standing committees known as

"committees of correspondence."

According to the British, the major purpose of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

boost sales for Britain’s East India Company.

Dissenting colonists believed that the real goal of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

generate increased revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges—a reminder of Parliament’s taxation and legislative powers

Bostonian reaction to the Tea Act culminated in December of 1773 with the

dumping of thousands of pounds of tea into Boston harbor.

The Coercive Acts, passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts, included

a law closing Boston harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for.

The Quebec Act affronted many Americans because it

gave Roman Catholic Quebec control of the Ohio Valley

The Coercive Acts (or Intolerable Acts) spread alarm among the colonists, who feared that

their liberties were insecure.

Delegates to the First Continental Congress

sought to identify their liberties as British subjects and debated possible responses to the Coercive Acts.

The First Continental Congress

denied Parliament’s right to tax and legislate for the colonies but acknowledged its authority to regulate their trade.

The First Continental Congress created the Continental Association, whose purpose was to

enforce a staggered and limited boycott of trade.

Early in 1775, as royal authority collapsed in Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage

realized the seriousness of the situation and requested twenty thousand additional troops from England.

General Gage planned a surprise attack on an ammunition storage site in Concord

because he was ordered to quell the dissenters before they became more organized.

The first shot at Lexington was fired by

an unknown person.

Following the battles of Lexington and Concord, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation

promising freedom to defecting, able-bodied slaves who would fight for the British.

The Daughters of Liberty urged women to participate in public affairs and protest the Townshend duties by

participating in nonconsumption agreements.

About a month after the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, delegates from all of the colonies met to discuss their course of action at the

Second Continental Congress

The initial goal of the Second Continental Congress was to

raise and supply an army and negotiate a reconciliation with England.

In 1775, most of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress remained reluctant to break with Britain because they

worried about the loss of Britain’s military support, the effect on their economies, and political stability.

Continental dollars were

merely paper backed by no precious metals.

The battle of Bunker Hill

was a costly victory for the British.

When George Washington took control of the Continental army, he found

enthusiastic but undisciplined troops.

The Olive Branch Petition of July 1775

affirmed loyalty to the monarch, blamed Parliament for all the troubles, and asked that American colonial assemblies be recognized as individual parliaments.

The author of the radical pamphlet Common Sense

called for independence and a republican government.

Revisions to the Declaration of Independence included those made by GA and SC, which removed

the issue of slavery

When New York delegates endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 15, 1776, it meant that

the resolution for independence had passed unanimously.

One of the main obstacles the British army faced in the Revolutionary War was

the logistics of supplying an army with food and supplies across three thousand miles of water.

The British goal in fighting the war in America was to

regain colonial allegiance, not to destroy the colonies.

In order to raise the necessary troops for the Continental army, the congress

offered a bonus for enlistment and land grants to those who committed for the war’s duration.

Women served in the Continental army by

performing domestic tasks and nursing the wounded.

As manpower needs in the Continental army increased,

free blacks were welcomed into service in the northern states.

One of the many weaknesses of the Continental army was that

it was inexperienced and undermanned.

The American strategy in the war with Britain was to

turn back the British and defeat their invading armies.

The British strategy in the war in America was to

recapture the thirteen colonies in a divide-and-conquer approach, with loyalist help.

The American goal of capturing Montreal and Quebec early in the war

showed that the Americans were not just reacting to the British invasion of Massachusetts.

In one of the early battles of the war, the battle of Long Island,

British troops led by General Howe forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island.

The Continental army enjoyed its first victory over the British on Christmas night in 1776, when the Americans

crossed the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians at Trenton.

The most visible and dedicated loyalists (also called Tories by their enemies) were

local judges, customs officers, wealthy merchants, and urban lawyers.

During the Revolutionary War, Indian tribes

first hoped to stay neutral, but many ended up fighting on the British side.

Treasonable acts, as defined by state laws in 1775 and 1776, included

joining the British army or supplying it with food or ammunition.

During the Revolution, the Continental Congress and various states issued paper money, which resulted in

devaluation of the money and escalating prices.

Well into the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress was forced to procure supplies and labor and to pay soldiers by

offering land grant certificates and issuing certificates of debt.

When British troops under General Howe captured Philadelphia in September 1777, the British government

proposed a negotiated settlement that did not include American independence

Continental army morale during the winter of 1777-78 was

low because corruption was undermining the patriots’ cause.

Relationships between Americans and Indians during the Revolutionary War were increasingly characterized by

hostility and violent anti-Indian campaigns.

Burgoyne’s defeat at the battle of Saratoga was a decisive moment in the Revolutionary War because it

brought France into the war on the side of the patriots.

After the American victory at Saratoga, France allied with the Americans because it

saw an opportunity to defeat England, France’s archrival.

In their campaign in the South, beginning in 1778, the British

captured Georgia and South Carolina and dealt General Gates a devastating defeat at Camden, South Carolina.

In the final phases of the Revolutionary War, the British

attempted to recapture the southern colonies and place loyalists in power.

News of Benedict Arnold’s treason

inspired renewed patriotism in America.

After Gates’s defeat and Arnold’s treason,

England’s southern campaign faced small bands of American guerrillas fighting a series of fierce battles in the southern backcountry.

After Cornwallis achieved the upper hand in Virginia, the picture changed dramatically because

the French gave military support to Washington.

The most decisive factor in ending the Revolutionary War at Yorktown was

the French forces taking control of the Chesapeake, thus commanding the bay and the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina.

By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783,

the British acknowledged that the United States were "free Sovereign and independent States."

For the Indians, the peace that began in 1783

meant displacement and only a temporary lull in fighting.

The British lost the Revolutionary War partly because

of America’s alliance with France, which provided artillery and ammunition, fresh troops, and naval support.

Under the Articles of Confederation, the confederation government lacked

an executive and judicial branch as well as the power to levy taxes.

Under the Articles of Confederation,

each state had a single vote in Congress.

The Articles of Confederation were finally approved in 1781 when all the states agreed to surrender their

claims to western lands.

Most of the new states spelled out their citizens’ rights and liberties in written contracts because

the unwritten nature of British political traditions led to Americans being denied liberties they had assumed they possessed.

A shared feature of all the state constitutions drawn up during the American Revolution was

the conviction that government rests on the consent of the governed.

In devising their new constitutions, most states

reduced the powers of the governor.

Virginia’s constitution was the first to

include a bill of rights.

Writers of the new state constitutions believed that voting requirements should

include property ownership because property owners had independence of mind.

Which state allowed free blacks and women to vote in the early years of the republic?

New Jersey

Some states were reluctant to include "equality language" in their bills of rights and constitutions because

they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves.

In the quarter century after 1775, legislatures provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in

most northern states.

Factors leading to the postwar depression that began in the mid-1780s included

huge state and federal war debts, private debt, and rapid expenditure.

Robert Morris proposed to increase the revenue of the confederation government by

passing a 5 percent import tax (called an impost).

In the land ordinances of 1784 and 1785, Congress

set out a rectangular grid system for surveying land and established township perimeters.

Under the Ordinance of 1785’s guidelines for land sales in the Northwest Territory, land would be sold

by public auction at a minimum purchase price of a dollar per acre and in minimum parcels of 640 acres each.

The most serious obstacle to settlement in the Northwest Territory was

clashes with the Indian tribes that occupied the land.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Shays’s Rebellion of 1786 was the result of

increased taxes on farmers in Massachusetts.

Massachusetts responded to Shays’s Rebellion with a

dispatch of a private army of militiamen.

The major legacy of Shays’s Rebellion was

the realization that the Articles of Confederation were inadequate and thus a reworking of national government was needed.

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 generally

were concerned about the weaknesses in the government under the Articles of Confederation.

The fundamental issue raised at the Constitutional Convention was

how to balance the conflicting interests of large and small states.

At the Constitutional Convention, the proposal to create a two-chamber legislature, with representation in both houses based on each state’s population, was known as the

Virginia Plan.

The major objection to the Virginia Plan by the smaller states at the Constitutional Convention was

that the representation of the states in both houses of the congress would be based on population.

The New Jersey Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention

called for a one-chamber legislature in which each state would have one vote.

The Constitutional Convention deadlocked over the issue of

representation.

As a part of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed

on a lower house whose seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, and an upper house—the Senate—that would have two senators per state.

At the Philadelphia convention, which of the following was the compromise reached on the issue of who counted as population for the purpose of deciding representation?

Slaves were counted under the three-fifths clause

When the Constitution was drafted, slavery was

not named, but its existence was recognized and guaranteed.

In a new distinction between democracy and republicanism, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

gave a direct voice to the people only in the House.

To create a presidency out of the reach of direct democracy, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

devised the electoral college.

Before the Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified

by ratifying conventions in nine of the thirteen states.

The Constitution most clearly shifted the balance of power in favor of

national over state governments.

Pro-Constitution forces called themselves

Federalists

The first state to ratify the Constitution was

Delaware

Antifederalists were united mainly by

their desire to block the Constitution.

Antifederalism in New York centered on

the state’s size and power in relation to the new federal government.

The authors of the series of essays known as The Federalist Papers originally wrote them

as newspaper articles detailing the failures of the Articles of Confederation.

In essay number 10 of The Federalist, James Madison maintained that the constitutional government would

prevent any one faction from subverting the freedom of other groups.

The core of Antifederalists’ opposition to the Constitution centered on

fear that distant power might infringe on people’s liberties.