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1. A single cubic centimeter of the human brain consists of well over _____ nerve cells. |
B |
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2. The brain’s ability to coordinate information from all five senses best reflects which of the following characteristics of the nervous system? |
B |
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3. The term plasticity refers to the ____. |
B |
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4. Plasticity best reflects which of the following characteristics of the nervous system? |
C |
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5. You are listening to a lecture. Then the bell rings in the hallway. In order to hear this stimulus, ______ neurons must carry electrochemical messages from your ears to your brain. |
B |
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6. The lecture you were listening to is over. The bell that rang in the hall signaled the end of class. You get up out of your seat, pick up your things, and walk out the classroom door. |
B |
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7. Information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles is sent through __________, thus enabling the body to move. |
B |
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8. Your brain has instructed your body muscles to move so that you avoid burning your hand on a hot stove. Which type of nerves carried the information from your brain to your muscles so that you could avoid getting burned? |
B |
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9. The brain and spinal cord make up the _____. |
B |
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10. _____ nerves carry information to the brain and spinal cord. ______ nerves carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. |
A |
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11. The ______ nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. |
B |
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12. The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the ____. |
D |
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13. The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the _____. |
B |
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14. The ______ nervous system mobilizes the body’s resources and prepares it for action (i.e., the fight or flight response). |
C |
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15. The parasympathetic nervous system is part of the _____ nervous system. |
C |
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16. You are walking to school when you encounter a strange barking dog. You tense up and contemplate whether you should run away. Which nervous system is responsible for this "fight or flight" reaction? |
B |
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17. Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for producing physiological symptoms (such as increased heart rate and butterflies in the stomach) under conditions of stress? |
C |
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18. After finishing a psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the response of the ________ nervous system, which results in a slower heart and respiration rate and less muscular tension. |
C |
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19. Essential body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion are under the control of the _____. |
D |
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20. Just before you went on a job interview your heart was pounding like crazy. You experienced a shortness of breath and felt sick to your stomach. These symptoms were most likely produced by your ________ nervous system. |
D |
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21. Corticosteroids are _____. |
A |
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22. Dendrites are ____. |
B |
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23. Axons are ____. |
A |
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24. The nucleus of a neuron is located in the ____. |
C |
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25. The cell body contains the ______, which directs the manufacture of substances that a neuron needs for growth and maintenance. |
B |
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26. ____ is a layer of fat cells that insulates most axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses. |
B |
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27. _____ allows neurons to speed up the transmission of nerve impulses. |
C |
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28. When a neuron is at its resting state, what is the status of the charges on each side of the cell membrane? |
B |
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29. Resting potential is the ______. |
D |
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30. According to the all-or-nothing principle, _____. |
C |
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31. Another term that describes the "firing" of neurons is _____. |
B |
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32. ____ are chemical substances that carry information across the synaptic gap to the next neuron. |
A |
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33. A _____ is a tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron. |
C |
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34. Your relative is experiencing memory loss related to Alzheimer disease. Research suggests that there may be insufficient production of the neurotransmitter _______ in this individual’s brain. |
C |
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35. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in ______. |
A |
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36. _____ inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system, but it excites the heart muscle, intestines, and urogenital tract. |
C |
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37. Depression is associated with low levels of what neurotransmitter? |
B |
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38. _____ are natural opiates that shield the body from pain and elevate feelings of pleasure. |
B |
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39. Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in the experience of love and social bonding? |
A |
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40. Which of the following neurotransmitters play in important role in the regulation of sleep, mood, attention, and learning? |
B |
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41. An ____ is a drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter’s effects. An ____ is a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter’s effect. |
A |
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42. The antidepressant drug Prozac works by increasing brain levels of serotonin. This means that Prozac is considered _____. |
A |
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43. Michael has schizophrenia. His psychiatrist prescribed a new drug that blocks or interferes with the activity of dopamine. Michael’s doctor is using ______ to treat his disorder. |
B |
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44. Neuroscientists who surgically remove, destroy, or eliminate the brain tissue of laboratory animals are using which of the following techniques for studying the brain? |
D |
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45. Dr. Becker is interested in identifying the pathways of connectivity in the brain and nervous system. Which of the following techniques will Dr. Becker most likely use in his research? |
B |
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46. Electrical activity in the brain can be captured by placing multiple electrodes on the scalp and then measuring the underlying electrical activity. This method of studying the brain’s activity is called a(n)_____. |
A |
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47. Dr. Stern is a neuroscientist who is collecting data for a new research study. He uses techniques for monitoring the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain. Which of the following methods is Dr. Stern using in this study? |
C |
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48. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that _____. |
D |
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49. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique that _____. |
D |
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50. If a person’s cerebellum were damaged in an accident, you would expect the person to have a problem with _____. |
D |
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51. Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing? |
C |
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52. The medulla, cerebellum, and pons are parts of the _____. |
A |
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53. The reticular formation is primarily responsible for _____. |
B |
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54. Discrimination of objects that are necessary for survival (such as appropriate food) as well as emotional awareness and expression involves the _____. |
D |
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55. Steven was in a serious automobile accident that caused a severe injury to his hippocampus. What type of deficiency will Steven likely experience as a result of this brain damage? |
C |
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56. The _____ is a small forebrain structure that monitors pleasurable activities (e.g. eating, drinking, and sex), emotion, stress, and reward. |
A |
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57. One of the pleasure centers of the brain is found in the _____. |
A |
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58. Body temperature, emotional states, and coping with stress are functions controlled by the _____. |
C |
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59. The most complex mental functions, such as thinking and planning, take place in the _____. |
B |
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60. Sonal had a stroke. Doctors told her she sustained substantial damage to the occipital lobes. What type of deficiencies will Sonal likely experience as a result of this brain damage? |
A |
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61. The ____ are involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles. |
B |
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62. The three-foot-spike that damaged Phineas Gage’s frontal lobe resulted in _____. |
D |
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63. The _____ is the part of the cerebral cortex that controls voluntary muscle movement. |
A |
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64. The somatosensory cortex processes information about _____. |
B |
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65. Which of the following regions of the brain is involved in spatial skills, attention, and motor control? |
C |
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66. The association cortex _____. |
D |
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67. The corpus callosum _____. |
A |
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68. _____ plays an important role in the production of speech, whereas _____ plays an important role in the comprehension of language. |
B |
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69. Katy was in a car accident and sustained serious brain damage. Since the accident Katy can speak only one word. This is an example of _____. |
B |
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70. Roberto has a sever case of epilepsy. His doctor surgically severed his corpus callosum. Roberto’s condition is referred to as _____. |
C |
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71. Neurosurgeons can reduce the unbearable seizures some epileptics experience by severing the _____. |
D |
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72. The left hemisphere of the brain plays an important role in managing or regulating _____. |
A |
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73. The process of facial recognition is governed primarily by ______. |
B |
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74. The endocrine system _____. |
C |
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75. The chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands are known as _____. |
B |
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76. The _____ is sometimes referred to as the "master gland" because it controls growth and it releases the hormones that regulate other glands in the endocrine system. |
C |
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77. Ellie has recently experienced irregular mood swings. Her energy level has decreased and she seems to have greater difficulty coping with stress. Based on her symptoms, it seems as though Ellie may have problems with her ______ glands. |
C |
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78. _____ glands help regulate mood, energy, and the ability to cope with stress. |
B |
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79. ______ are secreted by the adrenal glands. |
A |
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80. Which of the following glands plays an important role in insulin production, metabolism, and body weight? |
D |
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81. When the axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches, _____ has occurred. |
A |
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82. When Charlie was three years old, he fell off the slide at the playground and damaged the left hemisphere of his brain. Despite this injury, as Charlie grew older he still retained some of his language abilities because the right hemisphere of his brain took control over the language function. Which of the following mechanisms of brain damage repair is apparent in this example? |
B |
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83. The term ______ refers to a process by which new neurons are generated. |
C |
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84. The human brain shows the most plasticity during which developmental lifespan period? |
A |
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85. _____ is a term used to describe the influences of multiple genes on behavior. |
B |
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86. Which of the following methods do researchers use to study genetics? |
D |
|
87. The Human Genome Project studies genetics and behavior through the use of _____. |
A |
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88. Dr. Cardinale is interested in the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence. She compares the similarity of IQ scores of identical twins to the similarity of IQ scores of fraternal twins. Dr. Cardinale is conducting a ______ study. |
C |
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89. Phenotypes are _____. |
D |
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90. Molly’s natural hair color is brown but she has had it dyed blonde. Molly changed her _________. |
A |
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1. The process through which the senses detect environmental stimuli and transmit them to the brain is called ____. |
C |
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2. _____ is the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information. |
B |
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3. As you walk barefoot in the park, your nose conveys to your brain the smell of the freshly cut grass, your skin sends information about the feel of the gentle breeze, and your ears transmit the sound of children laughing on the playground to your auditory cortex. This process of acquiring "raw data" about the stimuli in the environment is called _____. |
A |
|
4. The process of ______ involves organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information. |
A |
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5. Melanie is learning how to read Spanish by sounding out each word one letter at a time. Melanie is engaging in _____. |
B |
|
6. ______ are specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to afferent nerves and the brain. |
B |
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7. Which of the following classes of sensory receptors play an important role in detecting pressure, vibration, movement, touch, and hearing? |
C |
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8. Which of the following classes of sensory receptors provide information about sight and the detection of light? |
B |
|
9. You are studying in your dorm room, but your neighbor is blasting the television in the adjacent room. When you gently request that your neighbor turn the volume down until you cannot hear it, you are asking your neighbor to make the volume less than your _____. |
A |
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10. Michael, a famous musician, is designing a new apartment that will serve as both his residence and his recording studio. Since the music studio shares a wall with his bedroom, Michael wants to be sure that the recording studio is soundproof. This means that Michael wants to be sure that sound from the studio is well under his _____ while he is in his bedroom. |
A |
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11. The _____ marks the point where we can just barely perceive a stimulus. |
C |
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12. ______ refers to the detection of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. |
A |
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13. Subliminally presented stimuli _____. |
D |
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14. The smallest intensity of a stimulus that you can detect 50 percent of the time is _____. |
C |
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15. The minimal change in stimulation that is required to detect whether one stimulus differs from another is the _______. |
A |
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16. Linda is studying while listening to her iPod. She notices that when she raises the volume 5 decibels when the volume is initially low, the change is very noticeable. However, when the volume is initially high, increasing the volume by 5 decibels doesn’t result in as noticeable of a change in sound. This phenomenon is best explained by ______. |
B |
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17. Emily is selecting a new paint color for her bedroom. She detects a difference between sky blue and midnight blue. Emily’s ability to distinguish these two colors from one another can best be explained by the concept of _____. |
B |
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18. What theory of perception proposes that detection of stimuli depends on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, physical intensity of the stimulus, fatigue of the observer, and expectancy? |
C |
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19. You are playing a new X-Box game in which you are pretending to train as a police officer. Your task is to correctly identify and shoot the criminals you encounter and to protect the lives of innocent civilians. You begin walking down the street when various individuals come out from behind buildings and around corners. In your first encounter you erroneously shoot an innocent civilian. According to signal detection theory, your response to the stimulus would be classified as a _____. |
C |
|
20. You are playing a new X-Box game in which you are pretending to train as a police officer. Your task is to correctly identify and shoot the criminals you encounter and to protect the lives of innocent civilians. You begin walking down the street when various individuals come out from behind buildings and around corners. In your first encounter you fail to shoot and the person turns out to be a civilian. According to signal detection theory, your response to the stimuli would be classified as a _____. |
D |
|
21. You arrive at your friend’s apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it no longer bothers you or seems that loud. This change in your sensations describes the process of _____. |
C |
|
22. Jennifer is a chain smoker. When her friend Irene, a non-smoker, gets in the car with Jennifer she is overwhelmed by the smell of smoke. One day she mentioned this fact to Jennifer who was surprised by the comment. Jennifer claims that when she sniffs her hair and clothing she can’t sense the smoky scent. Jennifer’s inability to detect the smoky scent is an example of _____. |
B |
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23. When Carlos first jumped into the pool, he thought the water was very cold. Although the actual temperature of the pool remained constant, after a few minutes Carlos no longer complained about feeling cold. This change is his reaction to the temperature of the water is an example of _______. |
C |
|
24. The existence of extrasensory perception (ESP) _____. |
B |
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25. Regarding light, wavelength corresponds with the ______ and amplitude corresponds with the ______. |
A |
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26. The _____ is the colored part of the eye. |
D |
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27. Rods and cones are located in the _____. |
A |
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28. The crossover point where the right visual field information goes to the left hemisphere is called the ______. |
D |
|
29. Cones ______. |
B |
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30. The major purpose of the sclera is to _____. |
A |
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31. The iris is the _____. |
B |
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32. When you can tell the difference between candy apple red and fire engine red, it is partly because the light stimuli differ in their _____. |
D |
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33. The _____ is filled with a gelatinous material that helps focus light. |
B |
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34. Jane is having trouble sleeping. As she sits in bed looking around the darkened room, she notices that her peripheral vision seems to be better than her central vision. This is because vision in low light conditions _____. |
A |
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35. You try to note the incredibly fine details of a computer microchip through a magnifying glass. On which area of the retina should you be focusing this image? |
D |
|
36. As light enters the eye, eventually it reaches the light-sensitive ____ at the back of the eye. |
C |
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37. The _____, which consists of the axons of the ganglion cells, carries visual information to the brain for further processing. |
B |
|
38. Toward the center of the retina, there is an area that contains only cones. This area is called the _____. |
B |
|
39. The _____ is the area near the center of the retina where there are no rods and no cones. |
B |
|
40. Visual information is processed primarily in the visual cortex, which is located in the _____. |
C |
|
41. __________ is a process that involves coupling of the activity of various cells and pathways and helps integrate information about an object. |
B |
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42. The simultaneous distribution of sensory information across different neural pathways is called _____. |
D |
|
43. The purpose of parallel processing is to _____. |
A |
|
44. If a child asks you why we can see colors, and you want to answer according to the trichromatic theory of color vision, you might tell him it is because there are ______ different types of cones in the retina. |
B |
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45. Which of the following theories of vision can best explain the occurrence of afterimages (i.e., sensations that remain after a stimulus is removed)? |
B |
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46. Which of the following statements about research on color blindness is true? |
C |
|
47. Gestalt psychologists emphasize that _____. |
C |
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48. In order to get a good idea of an object’s depth, we rely on a number of binocular and monocular cues. Which of the following would be an example of a binocular cue? |
B |
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49. Depth perception involves ______. |
A |
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50. _____ depth vision cues depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes. |
B |
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51. In depth perception, familiar size, height in field of view, and shading are examples of _____. |
B |
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52. Perceptual constancy refers to our ability to _____. |
D |
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53. Which depth cue accounts for why parallel lines appear to grow closer together the farther away they are? |
D |
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54. Looking at a quarter in your hand casts a different image on your retina compared to looking at a quarter across the room, yet we know that the quarter is the same and retains the same dimensions. This phenomenon is known as ______. |
A |
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55. The tendency for perceptions of objects to remain relatively unchanged in spite of changes in size, shape, and/or color is called _____. |
B |
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56. If we see a German shepherd standing thirty feet from us, we perceive that it is just as big as it was when it was much closer to us. This is primarily due to _____. |
A |
|
57. A door is still perceived as a rectangle even after we view it from different angles. This is due to _____. |
C |
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58. _____ is the perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound. |
C |
|
59. The pitch of a sound is a function of the sound wave’s _____, whereas the loudness of a sound is a function of the sound wave’s _____. |
A |
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60. Which of the following is the unit of measurement for assessing loudness? |
D |
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61. The primary function of the _____ is to collect sounds and channel them into the inner ear. |
B |
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62. Your ability to distinguish a trumpet and a trombone or your mother’s voice from your sister’s voice is due to the _____ of these stimuli. |
D |
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63. When sound waves enter the ear canal, they first cause _____. |
A |
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64. When you hear any sound, your eardrum vibrates. These vibrations are then transferred to the inner ear by the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. These three bones are all located in the _____. |
B |
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65. The cochlea is part of the ______. |
B |
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66. The eardrum is located in the ______. |
C |
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67. The major function of the _____ is to amplify vibrations and pass them on to the inner ear. |
B |
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68. Tina loves listening to her favorite music on her iPod. Most of the time she plays her iPod at 90 percent volume. According to research on "safe sound," what should Tina do to increase the odds that her love of loud music does not cause hearing damage? |
A |
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69. Place theory states that _____. |
D |
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70. One criticism of place theory is that it _____. |
B |
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71. ______ best explains the perception of low-frequency sounds (below 1,000 times per second), whereas _____ best explains those high-frequency sounds (above 1,000 times per second). |
A |
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72. You and a group of friends are hiking in the woods when you suddenly become separated from the rest of the group. You know you aren’t far from one another so you call out your friends’ names and they call out back to you. According to research on hearing, what kind of information will you and your friends need to localize sound and find one another? |
D |
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73. Which of the following statements about cochlear implants is FALSE? |
B |
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74. The cutaneous senses consist of sensory receptors that provide information about _____. |
D |
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75. Newborns can ______ better than they can ______. |
C |
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76. You touch your baby’s forehead and realize that he feels warm and must have a fever. What type of sensory receptors relayed information about your baby’s temperature to your brain? |
A |
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77. When something warm touches your skin, you feel warmth. When something cold touches your skin, you feel coldness. If things both warm and cold touch your skin, stimulating adjacent thermoreceptors for warmth and cold, you will feel _____. |
A |
|
78. Pain receptors ______. |
D |
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79. The perception of pain is influenced by _____. |
D |
|
80. Different neural pathways transmit pain messages to the brain. In the _____ neurons connect directly to the thalamus and then to the motor and sensory areas. This pathway transmits information about sharp, localized pain. |
B |
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81. Endorphins are _____. |
A |
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82. Your sister and brother-in-law are expecting their first child. They have chosen to attend Lamaze classes to prepare for the labor and birth. The Lamaze method of childbirth is based on which of the following approaches to pain management? |
D |
|
83. George is very afraid of needles but needs to have blood drawn for a medical procedure. When he is about to get the shot he tries to not watch or think about the needle but instead tries to focus and read the poster on the wall. Which of the following pain management techniques did George use? |
C |
|
84. Taste buds, the sensory receptors for taste, are located in the _____. |
A |
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85. The lining of the nasal cavity that contains a sheet of receptor cells for smell is known as the _____. |
C |
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86. Smell can elicit more vivid memories than the other senses. What is the reason for this? |
B |
|
87. Why does olfactory information, unlike other sensory information, have a direct route to emotion and memory? |
D |
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88. The _____ senses provide information about movement, posture, and orientation, whereas the _____ senses provide information about balance and movement. |
A |
|
89. Sensory receptors for the kinesthetic sense are located in what part of the body? |
C |
|
90. The purpose of semicircular canals in the inner ear is to _____. |
D |
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