|
Where is the majority of water stored in the human body? |
intracelular fluid ( ICF) complement |
|
The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is potassium. |
true |
|
The fluid that bathes the cells found in tissues is called __________. |
… |
|
What percent of an infant is water? |
73% |
|
What happens to total water content throughout life? |
It decreases |
|
Healthy males are about ___ percent water, while females are about ___ percent water. |
60%, 50% |
|
Why do females have less total water content than males? |
1) Higher body fat 2) Smaller amount of skeletal muscle |
|
In old age, what percentage of the body is water? |
45% |
|
What are the four main influencing factors regarding water content? |
1) age 2) gender 3) body fat 4) weight |
|
What two major compartments does water occupy? |
1) Intracellular fluid 2) Extracellular fluid |
|
What percentage of our total water content is contained in intracellular fluid? |
about 66% |
|
What are the two major subcompartments of the extracellular fluid? |
1) Plasma 2) Interstitial fluid |
|
What are other examples of extracellular fluid (ECF)? |
lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, eye humors, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gastrointestinal secretions |
|
Non electrolytes |
most organic |
|
The body’s water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? |
sodium ions |
|
The term hypotonic hydration refers to |
a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water |
|
ypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by |
tissue edema |
|
Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? |
aldosterone |
|
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is t |
reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention |
|
Respiratory acidosis can occur when |
a person’s breathing is shallow due to obstruction |
|
Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? |
the lungs and the kidneys |
|
Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body? |
anabolism of proteins |
|
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? |
aldosterone |
|
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is |
plasma |
|
Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults. |
sodium |
|
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. |
potassium |
|
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? |
K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids |
|
Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their |
inefficient kidneys |
|
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is |
potassium ion concentration in blood plasma |
|
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. |
bicarbonate |
|
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates |
respiratory acidosis |
|
The movement of fluids between cellular compartments |
is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces |
|
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? |
atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? |
diet |
|
Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? |
nucleic acid |
|
Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except |
glucose |
|
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? |
Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. |
|
Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? |
antidiuretic hormone |
|
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of |
the control of respiratory ventilation |
|
Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance? |
excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion |
|
The regulation of sodium ________. |
is linked to blood pressure |
|
Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base balance. |
Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion. |
|
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? |
metabolic acidosis |
|
A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? |
metabolic alkalosis |
|
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is |
a rise in plasma osmolality |
|
Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? |
There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. |
|
The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is |
hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood |
|
Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes? |
amount of body fat |
|
The regulation of potassium balance |
involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium |
|
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? |
K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids |
|
Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? |
diet |
|
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. |
a rise in plasma osmolality |
|
Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base balance |
Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion. |
|
The regulation of sodium ________. |
is linked to blood pressure |
|
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. |
the control of respiratory ventilation |
|
Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? |
antidiuretic hormone |
|
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? |
Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. |
|
Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except ________. |
glucose |
|
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? |
atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ____ |
is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces |
|
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates _____ |
respiratory acidosis |
|
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. |
potassium ion concentration in blood plasma |
|
Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________. |
inefficient kidneys |
|
Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults |
sodium |
|
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is |
plasma |
|
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. |
reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention |
|
Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by _____ |
tissue edema |
|
The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. |
a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water |
|
ngesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate can lead to: |
metabolic alkalosis. |
|
When normal buffer mechanisms are overwhelmed by excessive numbers of hydrogen ions, which of the following will result? |
acidosis |
|
Respiratory alkalosis can occur as a result of: |
hyperventilation. |
|
Prolonged vomiting of stomach contents will result in |
metabolic alkalosis |
|
The normal ph for blood plasma is: |
7.40 |
|
Which of the following can play a role in buffering the pH of urine? |
ammonia ; bicarbonate ions phosphate ion |
|
pH: |
is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration. |
|
What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day? |
urine |
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