Developmental Psychology – Chapter 4

Separation protest is characterized by:

a. Rejoicing when the caregiver returns
b. Crying when the caregiver shouts
c. Crying when the caregiver leaves
d. Indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver

c. Crying when the caregiver leaves

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

a. Cognition
b. Communication
c. Sensation
d. Suckling

b. Communication

Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would most likely be classified as _____________.

a. Insecurely attached
b. Extremely inhibited
c. Securely attached
d. Difficult

c. Securely attached

Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?

a. Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate
b. Social relationships provide the setting for the development of a rich variety of emotions
c. Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional
d. Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences

d. Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a ____________ smile.

a. Private
b. Reflexive
c. Natural
d. Social

b. Reflexive

Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver, he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as __________.

a. Insecure resistant
b. Insecure avoidant
c. Securely attached
d. Insecure disorganized

c. Securely attached

In which of the following situation will 9-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety?

a. When she meets an unsmiling stranger at her home
b. When she meets another 9-month-old baby at her home
c. When she meets a passive stranger in an unfamiliar place
d. When she meets an aggressive stranger in an unfamiliar place

b. When she meets another 9-month-old baby at her home

What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

a. Social referencing
b. Deferred imitation
c. Infinite generativity
d. Reciprocal socialization

a. Social referencing

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) ____________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

a. Slow-to-warm-up
b. Easy
c. Difficult
d. Inflexible

b. Easy

According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant should:

a. Dissuade the infant from engaging reciprocal socialization
b. Cause the infant to become insecurely attached to the caregiver
c. Help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver
d. Encourage the infant to engage in scaffolding

c. Help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver

Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?

a. It is bidirectional
b. It is asynchronous
c. It is nontransactional
d. It is harmful to infants

a. It is bidirectional

Jerome Kagan’s classification of temperament focuses on:

a. Inhibition to the unfamiliar
b. Positive or negative mood state
c. Effortful control
d. (Hyper) activity level

a. Inhibition to the unfamiliar

Jeremy is a securely attached infant; Jason is classified as an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is TRUE?

a. There will be no differences in their social functioning by age 8
b. Jeremy is more likely than Jason to have learning difficulty in elementary school
c. Jeremy is likely to be more shy and withdrawn than Jason
d. Jeremy is more likely than Jason to have high self-confidence

d. Jeremy is more likely than Jason to have high self-confidence

Sakura isn’t a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn’t cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas & Chess, he would be classified as:

a. Easy child
b. Difficult child
c. Slow-to-warm-up child
d. Slow child

c. Slow-to-warm-up child

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

a. It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world
b. The first cry verifies that the baby’s lungs have filled with air
c. It provides information about the health of the newborn’s central nervous system
d. Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry

d. Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry

Infants show ___________ when they are in familiar settings.

a. More stranger anxiety
b. No separation protest
c. Less stranger anxiety
d. More separation protest

c. Less stranger anxiety

"Easy, "difficult", and "slow-to-warm-up" are three basic types of __________ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.

a. Trust
b. Emotion
c. Attachment
d. Temperament

d. Temperament

Feelings or effects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his/her well-being are known as:

a. Temperament
b. Emotions
c. Personality traits
d. Feeling states

b. Emotions

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ___________ versus shame and doubt.

a. Curiosity
b. Dependence
c. Autonomy
d. Fear

c. Autonomy

_________ refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

a. Social referencing
b. Secure attachment
c. Goodness of fit
d. Reciprocal socialization

c. Goodness of fit

In the second year of life, infants tend to "check" with their mother before they act; they look at her to see if she is happy, angry, or fearful. This is an example of ____________.

a. Infinite generativity
b. Social referencing
c. Deferred imitation
d. Reciprocal socialization

b. Social referencing

In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then, continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as __________.

a. Securely attached
b. Insecure disorganized
c. Insecure resistant
d. Insecure avoidant

a. Securely attached

Jerome Kagan stresses that ____________ is more important in a child’s social competence than the attachment theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge.

a. The child’s genetic aspect of temperament
b. The quality of parenting
c. Security of attachment to a primary caregiver
d. Diversity of social contexts in which the child participates

a. The child’s genetic aspect of temperament

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that ________ percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy.

a. 25
b. 30
c. 40
d. 55

c. 40

A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." she then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you". She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of:

a. Sociability
b. Scaffolding
c. Emotionality
d. Biology

b. Scaffolding

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:

a. Is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment
b. Is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment
c. Is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input
d. Results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles

a. Is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment

According the Freud, infants become attached to the person or object:

a. That is perceived to a non-stranger
b. That provides physical comfort
c. That provides oral satisfaction
d. That provides a sense of trust

c. That provides oral satisfaction

Which of the following BEST exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?

a. Mothers smile more at their children
b. Fathers are more physical with their children
c. Mothers express more emotions with their children
d. Fathers are less affectionate with their children

b. Fathers are more physical with their children

The development of ________ helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger.

a. Infinite generativity
b. Deferred imitation
c. Social referencing
d. Reciprocal socialization

c. Social referencing

Quimby, age 15, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in:

a. Social checking
b. Social scoping
c. Social referencing
d. Social validation

c. Social referencing

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

a. Independence
b. Reciprocal socialization
c. Sensation
d. Behavioral organization

d. Behavioral organization

What is the significant finding of Harlow’s experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?

a. Contact comfort is not the crucial element in the attachment process
b. Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process
c. Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process
d. Feeding and contact comfort are equally important in the attachment process

c. Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process

______________ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.

a. Attachment
b. Temperament
c. Perception
d. Social referencing

b. Temperament

Nakita is 6 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. Sheh is displaying one of a baby’s earliest emotions, ____________.

a. Fear
b. Embarrassment
c. Jealousy
d. Pride

a. Fear

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:

a. Crawl through a dark tunnel with his/her mother and a stranger waiting on the other side
b. Move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a stranger
c. Experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present
d. Choose between his/her mother and his/her father in a Strange Situation

b. Move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a stranger

Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ___________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.

a. Lack of innate emotions in the infant brain
b. The structural immaturity of the infant brain
c. Incomplete myelination in the first two months
d. Lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions

b. The structural immaturity of the infant brain

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?

a. Do not soothe the baby, because he/she will be spoiled
b. Pick up the baby and soothe him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops
c. Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child
d. Soothe the baby about every other time, so that he/she does not become dependent on external comforters

b. Pick up the baby and soothe him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) ____________ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and slow to accept change.

a. Slow-to-warm-up
b. Easy
c. Difficult
d.. Flexible

c. Difficult

Betty and Allen’s child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a(n):

a. Passive child
b. Easy child
c. Slow-to-warm-up child
d. Inhibited child

b. Easy child

According to Erikson, ______________ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.

a. Physical comfort and sensitive care
b. Feeding and physical comfort
c. Contact comfort and feeding
d. Oral satisfaction and physical comfort

a. Physical comfort and sensitive care

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling:

a. Trust smiling
b. Social smiling
c. Reflexive smiling
d. Attachment smiling

b. Social smiling

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

a. Overprotectiveness and criticism
b. Neglectfulness and indifference
c. Enmeshment and fear
d. Patience and tolerance

a. Overprotectiveness and criticism