Cog Psych Chapter 8 Review

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person’s brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

they took themselves

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people’s lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

Schrauf and Rubin’s "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis.

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

Stanny and Johnson’s "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is

repeated recall

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections.

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people’s memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process.

constructive

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants’ reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectations.

Bartlett’s experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory.

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn’t given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist’s waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I’ll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

source monitoring

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptomnesia.

Jacoby’s experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.

source misattributions

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence

Pragmatic inference

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory

involves making inferences.

Arkes and Freedman’s "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren’t actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

schemas

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of actions.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn’t mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____

script

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory processes.

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory’s constructive nature.

sleep

Your text’s discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one’s personal life

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S’s memory system operated _____

less efficiently than normal

The misinformation effect occurs when a person’s memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

Loftus and Palmer’s "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person’s memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)

"smashed"

The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because

MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

The misinformation effect can be explained by

retroactive interference

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past

Retroactive interference

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of

retroactive interference

In Lindsay’s "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was

auditory from a female speaker.

Lindsay’s misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI

even if they are told to ignore the postevent information

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories

the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup

Your text’s discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness’s confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority’s confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

simultaneous

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups?

A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

source misattribution.

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher’s desk" experiment showed that presenting

a photograph of the participant’s first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.