Ciccarelli Psychology, Chapter 13 Study Plan

One of the major problems associated with personality inventories is that they are

dependent on the honesty of the person taking the test.

The advantage of personality inventories over projective tests is that inventories are

standardized.

Joe complains that his coworker, George, is irritating because George never has a nice thing to say about anyone or anything. Joe believes George’s problem is an enduring characteristic with which George was born. In other words, Joe dislikes George’s

temperament.

Heidi is exploring her options and trying to decide where her best potential and abilities lie. She has a good idea of who she is and what she wants out of life. Carl Rogers would say that Heidi is a

fully functioning person.

A music teacher wants to test her students on their piano skills. She then proceeds to administer a multiple choice test. This test lacks

validity.

When members of a group devote their lives to obtaining physical pleasure and immediate satisfaction of their needs, according to Freud, this group is dominated by their

id.

Freud believed that children adopt their parents’ moral beliefs during the ________ stage of personality development.

phallic

The Oedipus complex refers to

a child developing a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and displaying jealousy of the same-sex parent.

According to Freud, children in the latency stage

develop intellectually, physically, and socially.

The image of oneself, which is based on information from significant people in one’s life, is that person’s

self-concept.

Surface traits

are seen in the outward actions of a person.

With regard to the Big Five traits of personality, when someone is creative, artistic, non-conforming, and curious, he or she tends to score high on the ________ trait.

openness

Sigmund Freud’s ideas were probably shaped by the historical era in which he lived, a time known as the

Victorian Age.

Freud believed the mind was divided into three parts: the ________, the ________, and the preconscious.

unconscious; conscious

Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior is known as

sublimation.

According to Freud, the oral stage

involves the conflict of weaning.

________ believed that there was not only a personal unconscious, but a collective unconscious as well.

Jung

Which of the following perspectives on personality focuses on aspects that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice?

humanistic

________ are more concerned with describing personality and predicting behavior than with the explanation of personality development

Trait theorists

Jim and Jose were studying for their psychology test. Jim asked Jose to name a test developed by Cattell based on factor analysis to measure one’s personality characteristics. Jose knew right away that Jim was talking about the

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire.

The assumption that the particular circumstance of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed is known as

trait-situation interaction.

The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting that affects later interpretation of that person is

the halo effect.

The ________ consists of 20 black and white pictures of people in ambiguous situations.

Thematic Apperception Test

Tests in which people are asked to tell what they see in ambiguous visual stimuli are

projective tests.

The ________ specifically tests for abnormal behavioral patterns in personality.

MMPI-2

Sigmund Freud is considered the founder of

the psychodynamic movement in psychology.

Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory is based on

extensive research, such as the Bobo doll study.

According to Adler, humans’ driving force was not the pursuit of pleasure but the pursuit of

superiority.

Sophie has a chance to interview for a promotion at work. She is sure she will do poorly anyway, so she decides against it. Bandura would say that Sophie has

low self-efficacy.

Shortly after her daughter is born, Anna’s three-year-old son wants to start sleeping in the crib again. This is an example of

regression.

Devon is taking a personality test that includes a long list of questions. For each question, Devon must choose from a limited set of answers. Devon is taking a

personality inventory.

Freud would say that a man who bites his fingernails is

orally fixated.

The five-factor model

has implications for the diagnosis of personality disorders.

According to the humanistic view, internal conflict can be avoided by

having a realistic view of one’s real self.

According to the five-factor model, a person who is calm and stable would score low on the trait of

neuroticism.

According to the humanistic perspective, personality is influenced by

the things that make people uniquely human, such as the freedom to choose one’s own destiny.

In Freud’s theory, the id, the ego, and the superego

are in constant conflict.

Trait theories differ from other theories of personality development in that they

are less concerned with how personality develops than they are with describing personalities and the actions that result from them.

Hofstede’s dimensions differ from the Big Five in that they are

based on the traits of a culture rather than an individual.

The office of one of your professors is extremely neat and tidy. All the books are carefully arranged on the shelves, and there are no papers lying about. Freud might suggest that this person has a(n)

anal fixation.

When a therapist asks questions and writes down the answers in a survey process, what assessment method is the therapist using?

interview

A person’s personality should not be confused with their character, which is the person’s

morals or ethics.

The ego works

to satisfy needs while avoiding negative consequences.

_________ see personality as nothing more than a set of learned responses.

Behaviorists

One way in which the social cognitive view differs from psychoanalytic theory is that it

can be and has been tested under scientific conditions.

Hofstede found that the United States is low in

power distance.

Cattell’s personality questionnaire is based on

16 source traits.

The id

exists at birth.

Freud based his theory of personality upon case studies of his patients. Most of his patients were

similar.

One of the main proponents of the humanistic view was

Carl Rogers.

The ________ comes from those important, significant others in a person’s life, most often the parents.

ideal self

According to Horney, a child might deal with anxiety by

withdrawing from personal relationships.

The neo-Freudians

retained many of Freud’s original concepts.

When psychological professionals do a personality assessment, they

often look at the client’s behavior from all four perspectives to find the pieces of each that work for the client.

Carl Jung, unlike Freud, believed that _____ held much more than personal fears, urges, and memories

the personal unconscious

Cattell would call shyness a

implicit learning.

Current researchers have studied the unconscious in the form of

implicit learning.

The process girls experience, with their father as the object of their affections and their mother as the rival, is

the Electra complex.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based on the ideas of

Carl Jung.

Jim is unconsciously attracted to Max but outwardly voices an extreme hatred of homosexuals. Which defense mechanism is Jim exhibiting?

reaction formation

According to Freud, the ________ mind is where we keep events, information, concerns, and thoughts of which we are not currently aware but can readily access.

preconscious

A person’s perception of his or her actual characteristics, traits, and abilities is called their

real self.

Which type of assessment are psychoanalysts most likely to use?

Rorschach inkblot test

When an assessor literally counts the number of times a behavior is performed, it is called a

frequency count.

During the latency stage, children are in a state of

repression.

The conscious mind

contains only those things that one is aware of at any given time.

In examining the five-factor model (or the Big Five), Costa and McCrae believed that these traits are not ________. In other words, knowing someone’s score on one trait would not give any information about scores on the other four traits.

interdependent