|
Which of the following statements about prejudice is FALSE? |
b |
|
Prejudice against ethnic minorities is well-known. Which of the following is true about the limits of who experiences prejudice? |
c |
|
________ refers to an attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their group membership. |
d |
|
Lucas reads an article in the newspaper about a man recently arrested for polygamy. "Yuck! That lifestyle disgusts me!" Lucas says with disdain. Lucas is expressing his ________ about polygamy. |
c |
|
According to your text, prejudice can be considered a(n) |
a |
|
Which of the following best exemplifies the concept "prejudice" as used by social psychologists? |
b |
|
Kevin only buys clothes made in America. He never buys clothes made in India or Pakistan. This demonstrates the ________ component of his attitude. |
b |
|
________ is to affect as ________ is to cognition. |
d |
|
One reason why logical arguments often fail to change stereotypes is that they are emotion-based arguments. The other reason is that |
a |
|
Which of the following examples best captures the social-psychological concept of a stereotype? |
b |
|
Stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture. Thus, members of a culture may not believe the stereotypes, but most |
b |
|
The term ________ was coined by journalist Walter Lippman (1922), who referred to these phenomena as "the little pictures we carry around in our heads." |
d |
|
Stereotypes are the ________ component of a negative attitude toward a group of people. |
c |
|
Although psychologists usually refer to stereotypes only in a ________ sense, it is possible for a person to have a ________ stereotype about a particular group. |
c |
|
When asked to imagine someone who fits the description "construction worker," many people picture a man in a hard hat and work clothes. Such mental images of a group of people are examples of |
b |
|
Shane believes that women are more dependent, more nurturing, more intuitive, and less rational than men. These are examples of Shane’s ________ women. |
b |
|
members of the group, regardless of within-group variations. |
b |
|
Stereotyping is a way of ________ the complex information around us, and thus is sometimes ________. |
b |
|
When Gordon Allport (1954) described stereotyping as "the law of least effort," he was suggesting that stereotypes arise |
b |
|
Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they |
b |
|
Stereotypes are beneficial to the extent that they |
b |
|
Keep in mind Gordon Allport’s (1954) description of stereotyping as "the law of least effort." From Allport’s perspective, people are often |
b |
|
A cashier at the store assumes that because his next customer is elderly, she will take a long time to pay. The cashier is using his stereotypes about the elderly and not taking the time or energy to carefully consider each customer in his line as an individual. His use of stereotypes best exemplifies Allport’s idea of |
b |
|
If someone from Texas and someone from Massachusetts were asked about their stereotypes of Hollywood actors, they would probably have remarkably similar stereotypes. This is because stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture on a large scale through |
c |
|
Alan just met Tina who is from a small rural town in the South. Alan believes that people from the South are narrow-minded, conservatively religious, and prudish. Tina, however, is none of these. What will Alan think? |
b |
|
Researchers exposed participants to a twenty-minute audiotape of a college basketball game. Half of the participants were led to believe that one player, Mark Flick, was African American, and the other half were led to believe that Mark Flick was White. When participants were asked to rate Mark Flick’s performance, |
c |
|
Researchers exposed participants to a twenty-minute audiotape of a college basketball game. In this research, "Mark Flick" was rated by participants as more athletic if the participants thought he was |
c |
|
Some would argue that the stereotype that African Americans are athletic is flattering. Which of the following is one reason why it is abusive? |
a |
|
Julius is African American and Mike is White; both are basketball players for high-school teams. They both score same number of baskets and have similar records of assists, rebounds, and free throws. According to information from your text, who would be viewed as having more athletic ability and as having played a better game overall? |
b |
|
Which of the following is out of place? |
b |
|
A benevolent sexist would endorse which of the following statements? |
c |
|
One common stereotype about women that your text discusses is that they tend to be |
c |
|
Because we live in a ________ society, many men have feelings of ________ towards women. |
a |
|
Both benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are alike in that they |
d |
|
Men who are "benevolent sexists" have positive feelings about women as a group, but |
d |
|
Tara’s boss always calls her "Miss," but refers to his other employees by name. He also goes out of his way to hold open a door for her, and has asked her a number of times to bring in some of her fabulous cookies for the office. Tara is experiencing ________ sexism from her boss. |
d |
|
At work, Julie is often told, "Get out of the way, this is man’s work, little woman." Her coworkers will often belittle her when she makes a tiny mistake, but let it slide when another man makes a similar mistake. Julie is experiencing ________ sexism. |
a |
|
Tina’s dad is a benevolent sexist. He’s most likely to approve of which of the following as Tina’s choice of major? |
b |
|
Based on research presented in the text, which of the following hurricanes would likely produce the most deaths? |
c |
|
Gordon Allport wrote that "defeated intellectually, prejudice lingers emotionally." What did he mean by that statement? |
a |
|
Findings in research (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2008) on prejudice suggest that for many people, prejudice |
a |
|
According to some research, the degree of ________ prejudice has declined, but the degree of ________ prejudice keeps it alive under the surface. |
a |
|
According to some research, the degree of explicit prejudice has declined, but because of implicit prejudice it has |
b |
|
Discrimination is the ________ component of negative attitudes toward a group of people. |
d |
|
The definition of ________ is "unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group." |
c |
|
Jessica isn’t invited to a Super Bowl party her coworkers are throwing because she’s a woman. Jessica is experiencing ________ from her coworkers. |
a |
|
Which of the following is an example of discrimination? |
c |
|
Ken needs help with his algebra homework. He looks around the room at his new roommates and blurts out, "Hiro, you’re good at math, right? You can help me with my homework." Because Hiro is Japanese American, Ken assumes he’s good at math. This represents a(n) |
a |
|
Which of the following is NOT a microaggression? |
c |
|
Researchers use a person’s reluctance to get too close to a person from another group as a measure of discrimination. This is known as |
b |
|
Americans have come a long way in reducing their overt prejudice among groups such as Hispanics, whites, blacks, Jews, and Asians. However, two hurdles still exist. People are still uncomfortable with other ethnic groups doing which of the following? |
a |
|
According to research presented in the chapter, people believe that female jobs require which of the following? |
d |
|
Based on research presented in the chapter, who is Dr. Wilson most likely to hire for the biology laboratory manager position? |
a |
|
Getting more women into science, technology, and engineering is a major goal for the U.S. A study (Hewlitt, Luce, & Servon, 2008) found that one of the main reasons that women left these jobs was which of the following? |
d |
|
Researchers had participants look at photos of African American and white young men holding various objects in their hand. The participants’ job was to determine if the object in the hand was a gun or not, and to press a button labeled "shoot" if the object was a gun. This research demonstrated a greater likelihood to |
a |
|
Researchers (Rogers & Prentice-Dunn, 1981) conducted a Milgram study in which participants believed they were either shocking a White or an African-American "learner." The pattern of the results for African-American learners can be best described as: |
c |
|
A popular research technique to identify the prejudices that people don’t want to admit is to send identical resumes to potential employers. A research team also created fake Facebook pages to represent some of those fake resumes. They found that |
c |
|
The bogus pipeline is an instrument that was developed to measure attitudes that are otherwise difficult to measure because |
a |
|
The _______ is thought to measure unconscious prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face with a positive or negative association. |
a |
|
On the Implicit Association Test, implicit attitudes are revealed by |
a |
|
Arnold is taking a test that measures his reaction time to faces paired with words. When he responds more slowly to black faces paired with positive words, it means he has a |
a |
|
Some psychological scientists question the interpretations of the Implicit Association Test. Rather than revealing implicit bias, what else might the test be revealing? |
d |
|
Chris is very concerned because her Implicit Association Test results show that she responded more slowly when fat faces were paired with positive words. She’s concerned this represents that she is implicitly biased against fat people. What might some psychological scientists tell her to make her feel better? |
a |
|
Critics of the Implicit Association Test propose that the best way to validate the test is to observe people’s |
b |
|
Overall, research has shown that the link between IAT scores and overt behavior is _______. |
c |
|
According to the authors, one nearly inevitable consequence of being the target of relentless prejudice is |
c |
|
When we have unwittingly caused our stereotypic expectations to be confirmed by an out-group member’s behavior, we have actually created a(n) |
a |
|
Researchers (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974) tested the self-fulfilling prophecy as it relates to prejudice. They observed the differential behaviors of white interviewers who interviewed either African-American or white job candidates. They then trained other interviewers to manifest these two different interview styles. When the new interviewers later interviewed white job applicants, the applicants who were treated as African Americans in the first study |
b |
|
As the only African American in his class, LaMonte tends to worry about committing errors because he does not want his white counterparts to think that all African Americans are intellectually inferior. LaMonte is experiencing |
b |
|
________ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm to existing cultural stereotypes. |
b |
|
Which of the following people is most likely to experience stereotype threats? |
a |
|
In a series of experiments, Steele and Aronson (1995) had both African-American and white students at Stanford University take a verbal test. In one condition, the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence, and in the other condition, the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence. In the former condition, African Americans performed more poorly than did white students because |
b |
|
The underlying reason why stereotype threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of stereotype threat fosters |
c |
|
A woman would be most likely to experience stereotype threat when completing a(n) |
a |
|
In which of the following cases would stereotype threat NOT be likely to occur? |
c |
|
In a study by Stone and his colleagues (1999), when white and African-American participants played a game of miniature golf, the white participants outperformed African Americans when the game was framed as ________, but African-American participants outperformed white participants when the game was framed as ________. |
c |
|
Under which of the following conditions have white males shown signs of stereotype threat? |
b |
|
According to the research by Aronson and his colleagues (2006) on overcoming stereotype threat, which of the following statements would help a female taking a math exam? |
b |
|
Dweck’s idea of a ________ mindset is an effective way to counteract stereotype threat. |
b |
|
Thurgood Marshall is known as a former Supreme Court justice. Yet he made other important contributions to policies related to prejudice, including |
d |
|
Prejudice may be maintained by ________ normative rules. |
b |
|
A number of colleges, universities, and corporations are encouraged to hire equally qualified women and minorities for high status positions. In support of this practice, some argue that the paucity of women and minorities inadvertently communicates to students and workers that members of these groups are not as competent or worthy of consideration. In essence, those who support the diversification of the workforce point to ________ as a source of negative stereotypes and prejudice. |
d |
|
One of the hazards of institutional discrimination is that it is |
b |
|
Fiona isn’t really sure what to believe about Indian immigrants to England, but she knows what her parents and friends think. Because she is concerned with being accepted by these important people in her life, Fiona adopts their beliefs and feelings about this out-group. This example best illustrates ________ as a source of prejudicial attitudes. |
d |
|
Researchers discovered that many ministers who supported desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas did not use their pulpits to air their (unpopular) views for fear of losing contributions and church members. This is a real world example of the power of ________ to exacerbate prejudice and discrimination. |
c |
|
Anecdotal evidence shows that African-American and white coal miners in the 1950s were completely segregated above ground and completely integrated below ground. In addition, most ministers in the 1950s supported desegregation but kept this support to themselves. These examples suggest the operation of ________ in prejudice. |
b |
|
The part of a person’s self-concept that is based on his/her identification with a nation, religious, or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation is called a(n) |
b |
|
Amber considers herself outgoing, upbeat, and talented. She also defines herself as an American, a biologist, and a musician. The first three descriptors represent her _____, and the last three represent her _______. |
a |
|
The belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others is known as _______. |
c |
|
Brad believes that all Buddhists live more fulfilling lives, are happier, and have a more superior religious philosophy than any other religion or faith. This belief represents Brad’s |
b |
|
From a social cognitive perspective, the first step toward prejudice is |
a |
|
An in-group is a group with which individuals |
c |
|
Which of the following statements about in-groups is true? |
a |
|
If Julie identifies herself as a woman, a mother, and a teacher, who would NOT be another in-group member for her? |
c |
|
Overestimators" versus "Underestimators," blue eyes versus brown eyes, and tall versus short all represent meaningless criteria by which to |
a |
|
Recall that British social psychologist Henri Tajfel (1982) divided strangers into groups based on such criteria as whether they over- or underestimated the number of dots on a slide. Tajfel designed such experiments to determine |
a |
|
When a member of your in-group performs particularly well in a competition, you most likely |
d |
|
British social psychologist Henri Tajfel (1982) asserted that in-group bias is |
b |
|
In the United States, the statement, "I’m proud to be an American" exemplifies a(n) |
a |
|
An instructor divides her class into two groups: those who prefer chocolate candy, and those who prefer fruit-flavored candy. By doing this, the instructor has created |
b |
|
Like them better." "Give more rewards to them." "Believe they are more pleasant." All these describe |
a |
|
on the Monday after their teams played football. These researchers found that students were more likely to wear such shirts after victories than after losses. These findings suggest that |
a |
|
________ refers to our tendency to view members of ________ as more similar to one another than they really are. |
c |
|
When prejudiced people say, "They all look alike to me," they are illustrating the |
a |
|
Researchers showed rival Princeton and Rutgers students videotapes of decisions made by a male character. Half the time the character was allegedly from the participants’ university, and half the time, he was from the rival university. Participants then predicted what percentage of students at that university would make a decision similar to the target’s. In support of their "out-group homogeneity" hypothesis, Quattrone and Jones found that participants viewed one person’s behavior as predictive of his group when the |
a |
|
Juliet is Jewish, and is going on a date with a Catholic. "Just don’t bring up abortion—you know all Catholics are pro-life," cautions her sister. Juliet’s sister is exhibiting the bias known as |
d |
|
________ is to personal attribution for misfortune as ________ is to situational attribution for misfortune. |
c |
|
A person who believes in a just world would likely believe that a date-rape victim should |
d |
|
Jerry Falwell and his followers claim that the attack on the U.S. on September 11, 2001 occurred because the U.S. is "gay-friendly." In essence, his controversial message is that the World Trade Center attacks occurred because the U.S. deserved it on some level. Jerry Falwell and his followers probably have a strong |
c |
|
Research has shown that when most people are confronted with evidence of an inequitable outcome that is difficult to explain, they will |
b |
|
Research has shown that when fate (e.g., a flip of a coin) determines the allocation of rewards for completing a task, participants will often |
b |
|
Researchers provided college student participants with a description of a woman’s friendly behavior. In addition, some participants were told that the woman was raped by the man, whereas others were provided no such information. When participants judged the appropriateness of the woman’s behavior, |
b |
|
According to Crandall and Eshleman’s (2003) model, people struggle with their urge to express prejudice and their |
a |
|
According to the justification-suppression model described by Crandall and Eshleman (2003) presented in your text, once a person is able to find valid justification for disliking a group, they are more likely to |
b |
|
According to realistic conflict theory, prejudice and discrimination often follow from |
b |
|
________ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent intergroup conflict. |
d |
|
Consider the following examples of prejudice: anti-Chinese prejudice in the United States after the transcontinental railroad was completed; anti-Mexican prejudice in the United States when agricultural jobs are scarce; anti-Turkish prejudice in Germany after reunification; anti-Arab and anti-Jew prejudice in the Middle East; and anti-immigrant prejudice during times of high unemployment. These examples best illustrate the ________ theory of prejudice. |
b |
|
Consider how realistic conflict theory has played a role in how Chinese immigrants were seen in the U.S. When they were competing with white miners during the gold rush, they were seen ________, but when they were helping construct the transcontinental railroad, they were seen ________. |
c |
|
In the U.S., when times are hard economically and jobs are scarce, realistic conflict theory would predict that |
d |
|
Recall that Sherif and his colleagues (1961) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp. Intergroup hostility was relatively easy to generate. To do this, the researchers first ________ and then ________. |
b |
|
Recall that Sherif and his colleagues (1961) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp. Once in-group cohesiveness was established, they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and other competitive games. Conflict between the two groups escalated. This field study provided support for the ________ theory of prejudice. |
b |
|
According to the text, in Nazi Germany, the Jews were used as ________, much like how Rev. Jerry Falwell currently views homosexuals in the U.S. |
a |
|
Informational attempts to "re-educate" prejudiced people have proved ineffective in large part because |
b |
|
Amelia is trying hard to explain to Ricardo why women should not be restricted to the home. Even though Ricardo has no firm basis for his beliefs, Amelia’s logical arguments fail to persuade him in this case because |
a |
|
According to the authors of your text, it is primarily the ________ aspect of prejudiced attitudes that make them relatively impervious to rational or logical arguments. |
c |
|
Researchers presented participants with just one or two examples of information that strongly challenged their pre-existing stereotypes. These researchers found that, when presented with just one or two examples that challenge a strongly held stereotype, people |
b |
|
Researchers (Kunda & Oleson, 1997) presented people with one or two examples that countered people’s strongly held stereotypes and found that some people actually strengthened their belief in the stereotype when confronted with such disconfirmations. According to the researchers, this occurred because the people |
c |
|
How are stereotypes likely to change? Evidence indicates that |
d |
|
One of your friends holds very negative stereotypes about Ugandans. Which of the following is the best way to change your friend’s stereotypes? |
d |
|
Researchers found that when southerners joined the armed forces and were exposed to less prejudiced norms, they gradually grew less prejudiced themselves. Both of these studied demonstrate one way to study the power of normative pressures: track prejudice and discrimination over time. The studies find that as ________ change, ________. |
d |
|
The idea that prejudice can be reduced by interacting with members of an out-group is called the |
c |
|
Research by Deutsch and Collins (1951) suggests that when residents of a segregated versus racially integrated housing project were surveyed after living there for several months, people who had lived in the integrated environment tended to |
b |
|
Walter Stephan (1978) conducted a careful study of the effects of school desegregation. Contrary to results found in the study of the desegregation of housing projects, Stephan found that |
d |
|
Suppose that Herman is prejudiced toward members of Group A. Increasing Herman’s contact with Group A is most likely to reduce his prejudice if |
c |
|
Recall that Sherif and his colleagues (1951) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp. Once in-group cohesiveness was established, they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and other competitive games. Conflict between the two groups escalated. Sherif and his colleagues were only successful in reducing conflict and hostility when |
c |
|
________ characterize(s) a situation in which two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal important to each group. |
b |
|
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Hostility between two groups can be reduced by |
c |
|
Alice’s three children are driving her crazy. They are constantly squabbling, calling one another names, and generally tormenting one another. To preserve what’s left of her sanity, Alice has decided to try to convince the youngsters to get along. Based on the contact hypothesis, what’s the best way to do this? |
b |
|
Alice’s three children are driving her crazy. They are constantly squabbling, calling one another names, and generally tormenting one another. To preserve what’s left of her sanity, Alice has decided to try to convince the youngsters to get along. She promises them that she will take them to a funny movie if they will work together to clean their playroom in under thirty minutes. Which of the preconditions for reducing conflict does this illustrate? |
d |
|
In a typical classroom, informal contact between students is often called "talking to your neighbor" and is discouraged. This violates which precondition for the reduction of prejudice and hostility between students? Contact must occur in |
c |
|
Conditions under which contact situations reduce prejudice include |
b |
|
According to your text, what is one reason why early attempts at desegregation failed? |
b |
|
Shawna (who is Mexican American) has recently been bussed into a school with predominantly white, middle-class students. Based on information from your text, why is she likely to have difficulty? |
c |
|
Shawna (who is Mexican American) has recently been bussed into a school with predominantly white, middle-class students. Based on information from your text, why is she likely to have difficulty? |
c |
|
In the jigsaw classroom, when a student is having trouble mastering his or her material, other group members benefit most by |
c |
|
In the jigsaw classroom technique, |
b |
|
Why does the jigsaw classroom yield such positive results with regard to self-esteem, achievement, and positive informal contact between children of various racial and ethnic groups? |
c |
|
Many researchers have evaluated the effectiveness of cooperative learning techniques. Researchers such as Gaertner and his colleagues (1990) believe that one reason why such techniques work is that small, cooperative learning groups |
a |
|
Who is least likely to experience a reduction in prejudice? |
c |
|
Researchers state that one reason the jigsaw classroom is effective is that it allows the individual to develop a category of "oneness." By this he means that |
a |
|
Recall that Bridgeman (1981) conducted an experiment with ten-year-old children, half of whom had previously had two months’ experience in a jigsaw classroom. In this experiment, she showed the youngsters a cartoon in which a little boy waves goodbye to his father at the airport, receives a package from the postman, and bursts into tears upon finding out that it contains a toy plane. Children who had two months’ experience in the jigsaw groups were more likely than the control group to say that the |
c |
|
Recall that Bridgeman (1981) conducted an experiment with ten-year-old children, half of whom had previously had two months’ experience in a jigsaw classroom. In this experiment, she showed the youngsters a cartoon in which a little boy waves goodbye to his father at the airport, receives a package from the postman, and bursts into tears upon finding out that it contains a toy plane. Children who had previously participated in the jigsaw classrooms were more likely to say that the postman would be confused at seeing the boy cry after receiving a present. This reflects the idea that jigsaw groups promote the development of |
c |
|
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of cooperative learning? |
d |
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