Child Psych Chapt 6

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers

"think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment.

According to Piaget, infants’ very first schemes are

sensorimotor action patterns

In Piaget’s theory, __________ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment

adaptation

In Piaget’s theory, during __________, toddlers use their current schemes to interpret the external world

assimilation

According to Piaget, in accommodation, children

create new schemes or adjust old ones

At 6 months, Annabelle dropped her rattle in a fairly rigid way. By 12 months, she tossed objects down the basement stairs, bounced them off walls, and threw them in the air. Annabelle’s modifications of her dropping scheme are an example of

accommodation

When children are not changing much, they

assimilate more than they accommodate

During times of rapid cognitive change.

accommodation predominates over assimilation

In Piaget’s theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs

more effective schemes are produced

According to Piaget, organization takes place

internally

Baby Franklin practiced his dropping and throwing schemes, and eventually developed an understanding of height. This achievement is an example of

organization

In Piaget’s sequence of sensorimotor development, infants first develop

reflexive schemes

In Piaget’s theory, a circular reaction is a means of building schemes in which infants

try to repeat chance motor activities again and again.

Baby Faith sucks, grasps, and looks in much the same way, no matter what experiences she encounters. Faith is probably in Substage _____ of Piaget’s sensorimotor period

1

According to Piaget’s theory, when Baby D’Arcy sucks her thumb, she is demonstrating

a primary circular reaction

Baby Sabrina opens her mouth differently for a nipple than for a spoon. In Piaget’s theory, this is an example of a

primary circular reaction.

Baby Andre accidentally knocks a toy hung on his crib. Over the next several days, Andre tries to repeat this effect, gradually forming a "hitting" scheme. In Piaget’s theory, this is an example of a

secondary circular reaction.

According to Piaget, __________ first occurs in Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period.

intentional, goal-directed behavior

Two landmark cognitive changes that take place in Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period of Piaget’s theory are __________ and __________.

intentional behavior; object permanence

Nine-month-old Daisy retrieves her pacifier, which her mother has hidden under a cover. Baby Daisy has begun to master

object permanence

Baby Luigi’s mom shows him his toy turtle, which she has placed behind a pillow. He reaches for it and finds it several times. Luigi’s mom then shows him his turtle hidden in a basket. Luigi continues to search for it behind the pillow. This is most likely because Luigi

is not yet able to make an accurate A-B search

Piaget concluded that babies make the A-not-B search error because

they do not have a clear image of the object as persisting when hidden from view

Baby Manny discovered how to use a stick to get toys that were out of reach. According to Piaget, Manny’s behavior would best be described as a

tertiary circular reaction

__________ enable(s) older toddlers to solve advanced object permanence problems involving invisible displacement

Mental representation

Two-year-old Greta pretends to bake a cake. Greta is demonstrating

mental representation

Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines.

habituation

Some critics argue that the violation-of-expectation method is flawed because

it reveals only babies’ perceptual preference for novelty, not their knowledge of the physical world

In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for __________ in the first few months of life

object permanence

Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence

is a gradual achievement

Laboratory research reveals that __________ is present at 6 weeks of age.

deferred imitation

Follow-up research on deferred imitation demonstrates that older infants and toddlers

can imitate rationally, by inferring others’ intentions.

When 12-month-old Barrett’s mom asks him, "Where is your teddy bear?" Barrett responds by pointing to the place on his bed where the teddy bear usually rests. Barrett is displaying

displaced reference.

A beginning awareness of the symbolic function of pictures emerges

in the first year

Toddlers seem to discount information on video as relevant to their everyday experiences because

the people onscreen do not look at and converse with them directly

The video deficit effect

declines around age 2½.

Unlike Piaget, most researchers now believe that

infants have some built-in cognitive equipment for making sense of experience.

Professor Patil believes that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related information and therefore supports early, rapid development. Professor Patil’s beliefs are consistent with the __________ perspective.

core knowledge

Research involving infants’ numerical knowledge suggests that 6-month-olds can

distinguish among large sets of items

The core knowledge perspective emphasizes

native endowment

Follow-up research on Piaget’s sensorimotor stage yields broad agreement on which of the following issues?

Many cognitive changes of infancy are gradual and continuous.

In the information-processing system, information first enters

the sensory register

In the information-processing system, the central executive

is the conscious, reflective part of the mental system

In the information-processing system, __________ is unlimited in capacity

long-term memory

__________ controls attention, suppresses impulses, coordinates information in working memory, and flexibly directs and monitors thought and behavior.

Executive function

Research on infant attention demonstrates that __________ between birth and 4 to 5 months of age.

habituation time decreases

The ability to shift attention from one stimulus to another improves by _____ months.

4

After 2- to 6-month olds forget an operant response,

they need only a brief prompt to reinstate the memory

Infants learn and retain information

just by watching objects and events

Recall

improves steadily with age

Which of the following statements about infantile amnesia is true?

Most older children and adults cannot retrieve events that happened before age 3.

Research indicates suggest that the advent of __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia.

a clear self-image

Which of the following statements about categorization is true?

Even young infants can categorize, grouping similar objects and events into a single representation.

Korean toddlers develop object-sorting skills later than their English-speaking counterparts because

the Korean language often omits object names from sentences.

The greatest drawback of the information-processing perspective is its difficulty with

putting the components of cognition into a broad, comprehensive theory

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes that children

live in rich social and cultural contexts that affect the way their cognitive world is structured.

According to Vygotsky, children master activities through

joint activities with more mature members of their society.

Which of the following tasks would be within Lucy’s zone of proximal development?

a task that Lucy cannot yet handle on her own but can do with the help of an adult

Three-year-old Liam is putting together a puzzle. Liam’s father begins by pointing to where each piece needs to go and then straightening out each piece as Liam places them on the puzzle board. As Liam’s competence with the task increases, his father gradually withdraws support. This is an example of

scaffolding

Which of the following statements about the application of Vygotsy’s ideas to infancy and toddlerhood is true?

Fine-tuned adult support during infancy and toddlerhood is related to advanced problem solving during the second year.

Barbara Rogoff’s research using a jack-in-the-box found that as early as the first year, __________ affect(s) mental strategies.

cultural variations in social experiences

Which of the following statements is supported by research on make-believe play?

Early make-believe is the combined result of children’s readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it.

Research demonstrates that make-believe play is

a major means through which children extend their cognitive and social skills.

Compared with cognitive theories, mental tests

focus on cognitive products rather than on the process of development.

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development test

is suitable for children between 1 month and 3½ years.

Keegan was given a test score that indicates the extent to which his raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals. Keegan’s test score is known as a(n)

intelligence quotient (IQ).

Dr. Ewing measures individual differences in large samples using intelligence tests. If performances at each age level form a normal distribution, the results are probably __________-shaped.

bell

A child’s IQ score offers a way of finding out

whether the child is ahead, behind, or average in mental development compared to agemates

Molly has an IQ of 130. Molly performed better than _____ percent of her agemates

98

Infant intelligence test scores often do not reflect true abilities because

infants and toddlers easily become distracted, fatigued, or bored during testing.

Most infant test scores

do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured at older ages.

Many infant test scores are labeled __________ quotients.

developmental

Today, infant tests are largely used for

screening to identify babies in need of intervention.

As an alternative to infant tests, some researchers have turned to __________ measures to assess early mental development.

information-processing

Habituation and recovery seem to be an especially effective early index of intelligence because they

assess skills that underlie intelligent behavior at all ages.

The designers of the Bayley-III included items that tap

habituation, object permanence, and categorization.

The extent to which parents ________ contributes strongly to early language process, which, in turn, predicts intelligence and academic achievement in elementary school.

converse with their infants and toddlers

__________ predict(s) children’s IQ beyond the contribution of parental IQ and education.

Family living conditions

Research consistently shows that young children exposed to long hours of mediocre to poor-quality child care

score lower on measures of cognitive and language skills during the preschool and elementary school years

Which of the following statements about child care in the United States is true?

Child-care standards are set by the individual states and vary widely.

In the United States, child-care settings providing the very worst care tend to

serve middle-SES families.

Quality tends to be the lowest in

for-profit child-care centers

The Carolina Abecedarian Project shows that __________ is an effective way to reduce the negative effects of poverty on children’s mental development

enrollment in full-time, year-round child care through the preschool years

Research shows that by age 3, children in Early Head Start

demonstrate gains in cognitive and language development.

Which of the following statements about language development is true?

By age 6, children speak in elaborate sentences and are skilled conversationalists.

Dr. Mastick believes that language is a uniquely human accomplishment etched into the structure of the brain. Dr. Mastick’s views are consistent with which theory of language development?

nativism

Linguist Noam Chomsky reasoned that

the rules of sentence organization are too complex to be directly taught to even a cognitively sophisticated young child.

Chomsky proposed that all children

have a language acquisition device (LAD) that contains a universal grammar.

Research reveals that deaf children

can generate an intricate natural language, even when reared in language-deficient environments

The study of Simon, a deaf child born to deaf parents who were late learners of American Sign Language (ASL), illustrates children’s

remarkable capacity to invent language.

Evidence that there is a sensitive period for language development has been interpreted as supporting __________ of language acquisition.

Chomsky’s account

Broca’s area

supports language production.

Second-language competence

decreases continuously with age.

Research on both first- and second-language learning reveals

a biologically based timeframe for optimum language development.

Which of the following is a limitation of Chomsky’s nativist perspective?

Chomsky’s theory cannot explain why children refine and generalize many grammatical forms gradually.

Dr. Rasmussen believes that language acquisition occurs through exchanges between inner capacities and environmental influences. Dr. Rasmussen is a(n)

interactionist

Which of the following sounds is the best example of cooing?

"oooo"

Which of the following sounds is the best example of babbling?

"nanana"

Which of the following statements is supported by research on babbling and deaf infants?

Deaf infants not exposed to sign language will stop babbling entirely.

Baby Kataro frequently experiences joint attention with his caregiver. This means that Kataro will probably

produce meaningful words earlier.

Sally and her granddaughter play peekaboo regularly. At first, Sally starts the game and her granddaughter is an amused observer. By 12 months, the granddaughter actively participates, trading roles with Sally. Sally is helping her granddaughter

understand the turn-taking pattern of human conversation

Which of the following is most likely to be one of Baby Raj’s first words?

"ball"

Max uses the word "doll" only to refer to the rag doll he carries every day. This is an example of

underextension

Mei Mei uses the word "close" to apply to closing a book, turning off the light, and tying her shoelaces. This is an example of

overextension

As vocabulary expands and pronunciation improves,

underextensions increase

Which of the following statements about toddlers’ vocabularies is true?

Most children show a steady rate of word learning that continues through the preschool years

Two-year-old Ruby utters the words "go car." This is an example of

telegraphic speech

Telegraphic speech

focuses on high-content words

Children’s language comprehension

develops ahead of production.

Which of the following statements about individual differences in early vocabulary growth is true?

Children from low-SES homes usually have smaller vocabularies than their higher-SES agemates.

Arthur’s vocabulary consists mainly of words that refer to objects. Like most toddlers, he uses

a referential style.

Two-year-old Grace believes that words are for talking about people’s feelings and needs. Grace uses

an expressive style.

Baby Paloma’s parents talk to her using short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, clear gestures to support verbal meaning, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts. Paloma’s parents use

infant-directed speech (IDS).

Which of the following statements is supported by research on infant-directed speech (IDS)?

Deaf parents use a style of communication similar to IDS when signing to their deaf babies.

Studies show that children prefer infant-directed speech (IDS) over other kinds of adult talk

from birth on.

Define the concepts of adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation. Explain how the balance between assimilation and accommodation varies over time with regard to cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.

Adaptation involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment. It consists of two complementary activities: assimilation and accommodation. During assimilation, we use our current schemes to interpret the external world. In accommodation, we create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely

Erickson Social Development

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages