Chapters 26-27 History

Which factor aroused Soviet suspicions of the Western Allies during World War II?

The Western Allies’ long delay in opening a second front in Western Europe.

By 1947, the intense rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States was called

the Cold War.

What impact did World War II have on the Soviet Union?

WWII killed more than 20 million Soviet citizens and weakened the country’s economy.

What was Joseph Stalin’s primary goal after World War II?

to ensure friendly governments on its borders in Eastern Europe

What allowed the United States to emerge from World War II as the most powerful nation in the world?

It had both a monopoly on atomic weapons and expanded production capacity.

The first instance of Soviet expansionism after World War II was in

Poland and Bulgaria.

Joseph Stalin believed that the U.S. foreign policy after World War II was hypocritical because the United States

was demanding democratic elections in Eastern Europe but supporting friendly dictatorships in Latin America.

Why did the Allies divide Germany in 1946?

They could not agree on the country’s future.

What did Winston Churchill, then Britain’s former prime minister, suggest about the Soviet Union in his iron curtain speech of 1946?

Its suppression of the popular will in Eastern and Central Europe had isolated those regions from the free world.

Who was the author of the 1946 rationale for a hard-line U.S. foreign policy of containment?

Career diplomat George F. Kenhan

The U.S. government’s policy of containment was first implemented when President Truman asked Congress to send military and economic aid to

Greece and Turkey

Why did Helen Gahagan Douglas oppose Truman’s plan for dealing with the crisis in Greece?

She wanted the United States to work through the United Nations.

European nations used most of the U.S. funds provided by the Marshall Plan of 1948 to

stimulate their economies and buy American products.

In February 1948, while Congress debated the Marshall Plan, the Soviet Union was

staging a coup, installing a communist regime in Czechoslovakia

How did President Truman respond to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 and 1949?

He ordered the airlifting of more than two million tons of goods to West Berliners.

Why did President Truman approve the development of the hydrogen bomb in 1949?

The U.S. had confirmed that the Soviets had detonated an atomic bomb.

What was the purpose of the National Security Act of 1947?

to place oversight of all branches of the military under the Secretary of Defense

The National Security Council was established to

advise the president on defense spending.

What was the peacetime military alliance created by the United States, Canada, and Western European countries to deter attacks from the Soviet Union?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Why was the Central Intelligence Agency established?

to gather information relevant to the national defense and to perform any functions and duties related to intelligence affecting the national security.

In the post-World War II era, the term third world was used to refer to Latin America and

those outside the Western and Eastern blocs that had yet to develop industrial economies

What occurred with the flight of the Chinese Nationalists from China in 1949?

The People’s Republic of China was established.

How did the U.S. government respond to the fall of China’s Nationalist government?

It refused to grant official recognition to the Communist government and aided the exiled Nationalists.

How did the United States’ Asian policy change after the collapse of China’s Nationalist government in 1949?

The focus of the u.S. foreign policy shifted to Japan.

The United States ended its official occupation of Japan after World War II

in 1949, as soon as it was clear China would not become an American economic center in Asia *

What was President Truman’s initial response to the Israeli declaration of statehood in 1948?

Truman quickly recognized Israel and pledged to make its defense a cornerstone of U.S. policies in the Middle East.

According to President Truman, what was the government’s role in the postwar economy?

The government should continue to regulate the economy.

The purpose of the Employment Act of 1946 was to

formalize the U.S. government’s responsibility for keeping the economy healthy

Which of the following describes the labor strikes in the United States in 1946?

Labor strikes increased public exasperation with and hostility toward unions.

How did women fare in the post-World War II economy?

Women’s earnings saw significant decline.

Which of the following was among the factors responsible for the post-World War II economic boom in the United States?

War-torn countries’ spending on American products

The G.I. Bill helped to boost the U.S. economy after World War II

with the provisions of job training, education, and low interest home loans.

How did the experience of World War II influence African American veterans returning from overseas?

Serving in World War II increased their resolve to fight racial injustice in the United States.

Which African American received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950?

Ralph Johnson Bunche

How did President Truman’s efforts to advance the cause of blacks’ civil rights compare with those of previous presidents?

They were bold and forward looking.

The executive order President Truman issued in 1948 during his reelection campaign was designed to

desegregate every aspect of the American Armed Services.

The founding of the American G.I. Forum in 1948 and subsequent efforts by Mexican Americans to challenge their segregation in public schools demonstrated

the growing mobilization of Mexican Americans in the Southwest.

What was the outcome of the congressional elections of 1946?

Republicans captured Congress for the first time in 14 years.

Passed despite Truman’s veto in 1947, the Taft-Hartley Act

was a huge blow to American labor.

What accounted for Harry Truman’s victory in the presidential election of 1948?

Broad support for his foreign policy and the popularity of New Deal reform led to Truman’s victory.

Congress rejected a number of President Truman’s Fair Deal Proposals, including

civil rights measures and federal aid to education.

Which of these men was the most infamous crusader against communism after World War II?

Joseph R. McCarthy

During the anti-Communist scare of the late 1940s and early 1950s,

federal employees were investigated for Communist subversion.

What triggered U.S. military action in Korea in 1950?

The invasion of South Korea by troops from Communist North Korea

President Truman justified intervention in Korea by comparing events there to the crisis in which European nation?

Greece

Which of the following describes President Truman’s decision to deploy 1.8 million troops in the Korean War without formal declaration of war from Congress?

Truman’s action violated the spirit, if not the letter of the Constitution.

Which of the following describes Truman’s authorization for General MacArthur to lead his troops across the thirty-eighth parallel in Korea?

It was the only time during the Cold War that the United States tried to roll back Communism by force.

What did Dwight D. Eisenhower emphasize in his campaign for the presidency in 1952?

the threat of communism and the need to win decisively in Korea

Who did Eisenhower select as his running mate in the presidential election of 1952?

Richard Nixon

What was one consequence of the Korean War?

A massive increase in U.S. defense spending

Which of the following describes President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s "middle way" politics in the early 1950s?

His domestic agenda and leadership style were guided by moderation.

What did anti-Communist zealot Senator Joseph McCarthy do that led to his condemnation by the U.S. Senate?

McCarthy conducted televised hearings in which he charged that the U.S. army was full of Communists.

What was the Eisenhower administration’s approach to social welfare programs?

It allowed the welfare state to grow and the federal government to take on new projects.

What was president Eisenhower’s most important and far-reaching domestic initiative?

The passage of the Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956

President Eisenhower believed that the development of nuclear power for domestic purposes should

be left in the hands of private enterprise.

The three-part program for compensating, "terminating," and relocating Native Americans reflected the Eisenhower administration’s commitment to

limiting the scope of federal government activity

In the context of President Eisenhower’s policy toward Native Americans, termination meant

ending the federal government’s special relationship with the Indians by transferring jurisdiction over tribal lands to state and local governments

What was one unintended consequence of the federal government’s program to relocate Native Americans?

the emergence of a militant pan-Indian movement two decades later

In what direction did Eisenhower, the first Republican to serve as president after the New Deal, take the federal government during his second term?

He left the size and function of the Federal Government intact.

What was the key to President Eisenhower’s New Look in foreign policy?

a smaller, conventional army bolstered by strength in air power and nuclear weapons

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles supported a foreign policy strategy of

going to the brink of war to halt Soviet’s efforts to extend their territory any further.

When Hungarian freedom fighters mounted a revolt against the Soviet-controlled government of their country in 1956, the Eisenhower administration

did nothing, because Eisenhower was unwilling to risk American soldiers or possible nuclear war.

President Eisenhower viewed communism in Vietnam as

a force that had to be stopped before it spread to Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines.

Between 1955 and 1961, the United States spent $800 million in South Vietnam, most of it to

fund the South Vietnamese army

In the 1950s, the CIA intervened in the internal affairs of which of the following countries?

Iran, Guatemala, and Cuba

Why did many Cuban people support the uprising led by Fidel Castro against Fulgencio Batista in 1959?

Many Cuban people had a strong desire for political and economic autonomy.

Which Egyptian leader seized the Suez Canal in July 1956?

Gamal Abdel Nasser

What was the purpose of the Eisenhower Doctrine?

to aid any middle Eastern nation requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism

How did the United States react to the Soviet Union’s successful launch of Sputnik in 1957?

With a feeling of inferiority about U.S. scientific and technological development

What was the military-industrial complex Eisenhower warned Americans about before he left office?

As association between the military and defense contractors to spend more money on increasingly powerful weapon systems

The output of American farms increased between 1940 and 1960, while the number of farmworkers

decreased by nearly one-third

How did union membership as a percentage of the labor force in the United States change during the 1950?

It peaked at just over 27% in 1957.

What impact did technological advances have on American industry in the 1950s?

They chipped away at the number of jobs in heavy industry.

In the 1950s, most employed American women worked in

clerical, service, or domestic jobs.

What was Levittown, New York?

An example of the assembly-line approach to producing affordable housing

In most cities during the 1950s, the black population

doubled as African Americans sought economic opportunities.

What was one reason many Americans moved to the Sun Belt in the 1950s?

to find jobs in aerospace, defense, and electronic industries

Why were the South and West sometimes referred to as the Gun Belt?

The regions had captured the Lion’s share of Cold War spending.

What caused the smog that plagued Los Angeles in the 1950s?

Sprawling urban and suburban settlements without efficient public transportation

What did "Operation Wetback" reveal about most white Americans?

They generally opposed the permanent immigration of Mexicans.

Which of the following describes higher education in the United States between 1940 and 1960?

It became increasingly available to veterans, the middle class, and African Americans.

What was one cause of the unparalleled material abundance of the United States in the 1950s?

a population increase of about 30 million

In her book the Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan argued that

the idealization of domesticity pressured women to seek fulfillment in serving others.

Some critics suggested that the reason for renewed interest in religion during the 1950s was

America’s need for conformity and social outlets.

Between the 1950 and 1960s, the percentage of American families with television sets grew from less than 10 percent to

almost 90 percent.

In which of the following ways did television affect U.S. politics in the 1950s?

It allowed candidates to appeal directly to voters in their homes, which elevated the importance of politician’s personal attractiveness.

What did Federal Communications Commission chairman Newton Minow call television after he surveyed what it offered to Americans in 1961?

a vast Wasteland

What was sociologist David Riesman’s criticism of American society in his 1950 book ‘The Lonely Crowd’?

Riesman lamented the growing conformity in American society.

How did rock and roll challenge American social and cultural norms in the 1950s?

It was sexually suggestive.

Who wrote the best-selling books ‘Sexual Behavior in the Human Male’ and ‘Sexual Behavior in the Human Female’?

Alfred Kinsley

The work of the 1950s authors Allen Ginsberg and Jack Keruac was known for

rejecting almost every aspect of the mainstream culture.

The revolution in the visual arts that began in New York City in the 1950s

stressed energy and spontaneity over recognizable forms.

The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) overturned which of the following precedents?

Separate but equal established in Plessy vs. Ferguson

Why did whites in Mississippi murder fourteen-year-old Emmett Till in 1955?

He allegedly raped a white woman. *

How did President Eisenhower ultimately respond to the Arkansas National Guard’s attempts to block the enrollment of nine black students in Little Rock’s Central High School in 1957?

He sent army troops to Little Rock to oversee the integration of the school.

The Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 can be characterized as

symbolic. *

In what way did the civil rights movement of the 1950s and early 1960s differ from previous efforts to end racial segregation and discrimination in the United States?

It invaded masses of people who used passive resistance to bring about change.

Why did the Montgomery, Alabama, police arrest Rosa Parks on December 1, 1955?

She refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man.

The Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-56 persisted until

the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Alabama’s state and local laws requiring segregation on buses.

Which new civil rights organization chose Martin Luther King Jr. as its leader in January of 1957?

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference