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What is the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration? |
Cellular respiration requires oxygen, fermentation can be undergone without oxygen |
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What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration? |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + Heat); glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide + water + energy in the form of ATP and Heat |
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What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? |
In oxidation, you lose electrons, in reduction, you gain them. |
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When compounds lose energy, they ___ energy; when compounds gain electrons, they ____ energy. |
Release (lose); absorb (gain) |
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The hydrogens are held in the cell temporarily by what electron carrier? |
NAD+, a coenzyme. |
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What is a coenzyme? |
an organic nonprotein helper for catalytic reactions. |
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What is the function of the ETC in cellular respiration? |
To break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy releasing steps. |
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Downhill route most electrons follow in cellular respiration: Glucose –> _____ –> ______ –> Oxygen |
NADH, ETC. |
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Explain how ETC is used in context with oxidative phosphorylation. |
The protons naturally want to diffuse along their concentration gradient, the ETC helps the protons get to a lower energy level so that they can go to the final electron accepter (oxygen) and go through ATP synthase. So the ETC is important in ‘breaking the falls’ of the electrons so that oxidative phosphorylation could be successful. |
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What does glycolysis literally mean? |
Sugar splitting |
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The starting product of glycolysis is the six-carbon sugar _______, and the ending product is two ______ carbon compounds termed _____. |
C6H12O6, organic, pyruvate |
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Glycolysis occurs in the _____ |
cytosol. |
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What is the relationship between glycolysis and oxygen? |
If oxygen is present, we can get a bigger pay off from the pyruvate and take use of the NADH in making a lot of ATP by undergoing the citric acid cycle, and then oxidative phosphorilation via chemiosmosis and the ETC. |
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What are the three necessary steps in going from glycolysis to the citric acid cycle? |
1) Pyruvate’s carboxyl group is removed and given off as CO2. 2) Enxyme transfers extracted electrons to NAD+, storing them as NADH. 3) CoA is attached to acetate by an unstable bond forming acetyle CoA |
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How many times does the citric acid cycle occur for each molecule of glucose? |
Twice |
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How many NADHs are formed for each turn in the citric acid cycle? |
3 per pyruvate |
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How many total carbons are lost as pyruvate is oxidized during the citric acid cycle? |
2 per pyruvate. |
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The carbons in the citric acid cycle are lost as the molecule _________. |
Carbon dioxide |
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How many FADH2 have been formed during the citric acid cycle? |
1 per pyruvate |
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How many ATPs are formed from the citric acid cycle? |
1 per pyruvate. |
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How many FADHs are formed from 1 molecule of glucose? |
6 |
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How many molecules of FADH2s are formed from 1 molecule of glucose? |
2 |
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How many molecules of ATP are formed from 1 molecule of glucose? |
2 |
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The citric acid cycle accounts for 2 additional reduced _______ molecules and 2 carbon dioxide molecules during the second cycle. |
NAD+ |
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What happened to the six-carbon molecule found in the original glucose molecule? |
6carbon–> pyruvate –> acytyl coA |
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Each member of the ETC is lower in free ____ than the preceding member of the chain, but higher in _______. The molecule at zero free energy, which is _____, is lowest of all the molecules in free energy and highest in electronegativity. |
Energy, electronegativity, O2 |
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Why is oxygen the final electron acceptor? |
Because it is so electronegative |
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Oxygen stabilizes the electrons by combining with 2 hydrogen ions to form what compound? |
H2O |
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The 2 electron carrier molecules that feed electrons into the ETC are _____ and _____. |
FADH2 and NADH. |
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How does ATP synthase use the flow of hydrogen ions to produce ATP? |
ATP synthase acts as a rotor which allows for the production of ATP from ADP +Pi by activating catylic sites in the knob. |
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What is the role of the ETC in forming the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane? |
The ETC helps create/maintain the H+ gradient by pumping H+s and the only way that they can diffuse across their gradient is through ATP synthase. |
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Chemiosmosis |
energy stored in the form of H+ gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work. |
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Proton-motive force |
force formed by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis |
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Each NADH can form a maximum of ____ ATP molecules. Each FADH2, which donates electrons that activate only two proton pumps, makes ____ ATP molecules. |
3,2 |
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Why is the total count about 36 or 38 ATP rather than a specific number? |
The number varies depending on what shuttle transports electrons from NADH in the cytosol. |
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Fermentation allows for the production of ATP without using either ____ or any _____. |
Oxygen, ETC. |
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What is the electron accepter in fermentation? |
An organic molecule, such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde |
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Explain how alcohol fermentation starts with glucose and yields ethanol. |
CO2 from pyruvate becomes acetaldehyde, which is then reduced by NADH to ethanol, this regenerates NADH –> NAD+ |
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Explain how lactic acid fermentation starts with glucose and yields lactate. |
Pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form lactate, thus NADH –> NAD+ |
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What 3 organic macromolecules are often utilized to make ATP by cellular respiration? |
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates |
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Explain the difference in energy usage between the catabolic reactions of cellular respiration, and the anabolic pathways of biosynthesis. |
Catabolic: energy is generation, anabolic: energy is consumed |
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Explain how AMP stimulates cellular respiration while citrate and ATP inhibit it. |
As ATP is used up, AMP accumulates which signals more ATP to be made. The more ATP there is, the slower glycolisis is. |
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