Chapter 5 & 6 Quiz Review

A common name for triglycerides is

Lipid

Fatty acids with a low melting point tend to be

Unsaturated

This transport carrier enables fat and cholesterol to travel through the blood

Lipoprotein

A rich source of omega-3 fatty acid is

Salmon

The current Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommended for fat is ____ percent

20-35

Trans fats lower

HDL-cholesterol

Emulsifiers are used in commercially baked products to

Provide Moistness

The Food and Drug Administration required that ______ be added to food products prepared with olestra

Fat-soluble vitamins

A risk factor for heart disease includes

Type 2 diabetes

A marker in the blood that might indicate a potential risk for heart disease is

High homocysteine level

High blood levels of this substance may indicate there is inflammation in the arterial walls

C-reactive protein

The Healthy Mediterranean Diet Pyramid is

A plant-based diet

Dietary cholesterol is found in

Cheese and yogurt

The Healthy Mediterranean Diet Pyramid limits

Meat and eggs

Consuming extra omega-3 fatty acids is not recommended because they may

Interfere with blood clotting

To decrease LDL-cholesterol, researchers suggest eating foods high in

Soluble fiber

The health benefits of eating fish may be limited by its amount of

Mercury

Plant sterols can help lower

LDL-cholesterol

Flavonoids are chemicals found in

Fruits and vegetables

Antioxidants prevents this substance in the blood from being oxidized

LDL-cholesterol

The basic unit of triglycerides and phospholipids

Fatty acids

A compound that keeps two incompatible substances mixed together

Emulsifier

A substance that is converted into or leads to the formation of another substance

Precursor

Type of lipoprotein that carries digested fat through the lymph system into the blood

Chylomicron

Small transport carrier in the small intestine that enables fatty acids to be absorbed

Micelle

Mainly delivers fat made in the liver to the cells

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Mainly delivers cholesterol to the cells

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Removes cholesterol from the cells and delivers it to the liver

High Density Lipoproteing (HDL)

Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to build up of debris along the artery walls

Atherosclerosis

Permanent damage to the heart muscles that results from a sudden lack of oxygen-rich blood

Heart attack

Name 3 types of lipids

Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

What is a precursor?

Substance that’s converted into or leads to formation of other substance

What is the function of HDL?

To remove cholesterol from tissues and delivers it to the liver

What is the function of LDL?

Deposits cholesterol to walls of arteries

What are the two types of triglycerides?

Saturated, Unsaturated

What is the definition of hydrogenation?

Adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid to make it more saturated and solid at room temp

What element is different on the structure of protein compared to carbohydrate and fat?

Nitrogen

How many amino acids are there in total

20

Where does protein digestion begin?

Stomach

What is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States that is caused by the abnormal formation of the protein hemoglobin?

Sickle-cell anemia

What are protein or lipid based chemical messengers that initiate or direct a specific action?

Hormones

What hormone is released after the blood sugar level rises after a meal or snack to direct the uptake of glucose by the cells?

Insulin

Which of the following is not a role of protein in the body?

Heat regulation

Which of the following foods provides the most protein per serving?

3 oz chicken breast

Which of the following groups of people tend to be in negative nitrogen balance?

Starving children

According to the RDA for protein, how many grams of protein per day would be recommended for a 176 lb man?

64

A 3 ounce serving of cooked meat, poultry, or fish provides approximately how many grams of protein?

21

A diet high in protein may increase the risk of developing what type of disease?

Heart disease

What type of protein energy malnutrition is a severe deficiency of dietary protein?

Kwashiorkor

What type of vegetarian consumes grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy products and eggs?

Lacto-ovo-vegetarian

What vitamin is of particular concern for a vegan?

B12

Which of the following amino acids is essential?

Phenylalaline

What is the normal pH of the blood?

7.4

Which of the following is a source of complete protein?

Soy

According to the RDA, what is the current adult dietary intake recommendation for protein?

10-35%

Of what are proteins composed?

Amino acids

Tofu, edamame, tempeh, and miso are all sources of soy protein.

True

Number of essential amino acids

9

Number of nonessential amino acids

11

RDA for protein for a 110 lb woman

40

Average grams of protein in an ounce of meat

7

Type of foods avoided: Meat, fish, poultry, eggs

Lacto-vegetarian

Type of foods avoided: Meat, fish, poultry

Lacto-ovo-vegetarian

Type of foods avoided: Meat, fish, poultry, dairy products

Ovo-vegetarian

Type of foods avoided: All animal products

Vegan

Type of food avoided: Occasional use of meat, fish, and poultry

Semi-vegetarian

DHA and EPA are found in fish and are protective against heart disease an stroke. They are __________ fatty acids

Omega-3

Which diabetes is a preventable risk factor for heart disease?

Type 2

High blood levels of ___________ and fat are likely contributors to atherosclerosis

Cholesterol

The decrease in ___________ in premenopausal women plays a part in the increased risk of heart disease that occurs in older women

Estrogen

Transport carriers that enable fat and cholesterol to travel through the blood and lymph are known as

Lipoproteins

What percentage of total calories should come from linoleic acid?

5 to 10%

Which is the most effective way to improve HDL cholesterol levels?

Engaging in routine exercise

HDL remove cholesterol from the cells and deliver it to the

Liver

The phosphorus-containing head of a phospholipid attracts water and is

Polar

Which lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of protein?

HDL

What should the majority of the fat in the Mediterranean diet come from?

Olive oil and olives

Phospholipids are made up of how many fatty acid chains?

2

Which is a precursor of bile, vitamin D, and some sex hormones?

Cholesterol

Sterols contain how many glycerol and fatty acid groups?

0

Trans fat raises LDL and _________ HDL levels

Lowers

Reducing atherosclerosis, lowering blood pressure and prevention of irregular heartbeat is associated with __________ fatty acid

Omega-3

Abdominal obesity, too much insulin in the blood, and high blood pressure are conditions of _____________

Syndrome X

Which lipoprotein has the highest cholesterol content?

LDL

Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins are __________

Eicosanoids

Chylomicrons transports lipids via which body system?

Lymphatic

Which type of seafood should pregnant women not consume?

Swordfish

A fatty acid with one double bond is called a

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Lipids contain all the following molecules except

Nitrogen

What has the FDA mandated be added to foods containing olestra?

Fat-soluble vitamins

Max eats 2,400 calories per day and wants no more than 30% of his calories from fat. What is the maximum number of fat grams he can eat in a day?

80

What is NOT correct regarding phytosterols?

They raise LDL cholesterol as must as saturated fat

All of the following markers in the blood are signs of heart disease except: Low levels of C-reactive protein, high homocysteine levels, elevated apolipoprotein B, high LDL levels

Low levels of C reactive protein

High blood cholesterol levels be partly be due to _________

Genetics

The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is primarily made up of

Phospholipids

Having an HDL level of less than _____ mg / dl increases your risk of heart diseases

40

The primary risk factor for heart disease is elevated ______ cholesterol

LDL

All of the following can raise HDL cholesterol except: losing excess fat, quitting smoking, getting regular exercise, eating fiber

Eating fiber

What has the smallest impact on your LDL cholesterol level?

Cholesterol intake

Which of the following is a major component of cell membranes

Phospholipids

The two essential fatty acids are

linoleic and alpha-lionlenic

What do high levels of C-reactive protein in the blood indicate?

That there is inflammation in the walls of the arteries

A _________ builds a chain of amino acids in the proper sequence

RIbosome

When amino acids are broken down, they lose their _________ group

Amine

_________ proteins may be less digestible especially when eaten raw

Plant

Hemoglobin acts as a transport protein that carries ________ to cells from the lungs

Oxygen

People with _________ are starving

Marasmus

A DNA segment that codes for a specific protein is the

Gene

A person fighting a fever would be in _______ nitrogen balance

Negative

All excess calories are stored as ____

Fat

A starving person would be in ________ nitrogen balance

Negative

A rare genetic disorder, phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by the body’s inability to properly degrade _______

Phenylalanine

A typical healthy adult is normally in a state of ____________

Equilibrium

The amino acid that is in the shortest supply in an incomplete protein is known as the

Limiting amino acid

Which foods are most likely missing when a person is on a high protein, low carb diet?

Fruits

A state of PEM where there is a severe deficiency of calories ________

Marasmus

A state of PEM where there is a severe deficiency of protein _________

Kwashiorkor

Compounds in your body that consist of numerous amino acids and are found in all living cells are ________

Proteins

The most abundant protein in the body is

Collagen

What does not lead to PEM?

Obesity

The iron and zinc needs of vegetarians tend to be higher than those of non vegetarians, due partly to the _______ in grains, which inhibits the absorption of zinc and iron from foods

Phytate

A gram of protein contains ____ calories

4

A diet high in ______ and low in calcium may lead to osteoporosis

Protein

Digestion of protein within the stomach begins with the enzyme

Pepsin

The type of RNA that carries the amino acid to the ribosome

tRNA

An overweight individuals protein needs are

Not much greater than those of normal weight person

Which food has the lowest protein content?

1 cup of melon

Proteins within the body help maintain fluid balance and ___________ balance

Acid-base

_____________ are weak plant proteins

Isoflavones

Nonessential amino acids can become _________ essential if the body cannot make them such as during bouts of illness

Conditionally

Which of the following is an example of combining two incomplete proteins to achieve protein complementation?

Vegetables and rice

Proteins that act as catalysts and speed up reactions are

Enzymes

Proteins that act to maintain the body’s proper pH are known as

Bufferes

A diet too high in protein can increase the risk for all of the following except: kidney stones, PKU, osteoporosis, heart disease

PKU

Which of the following amino acids was once thought to be essential only for infants?

Histidine

Which of the following is a protein that provides structural support to body tissues?

Collagen

Children with kwashiorkor have a diet that is extremely low in protein and high in ______

Carbs

PDCAAS is a measure of protein

Quality

Children with kwashiorkor are prone to

Infections

Proteins can be denatured or rendered inactive by which of the following

Acids

It is recommended that you consume from _______ to ______ percent of your calories from protein

10-35%

The average adult, age 19 and older, should consume how many grams of protein for each kg of body weight

0.8

Proteins help increase ________, after a meal more than either carbs or fat

Satiety

Proteins that attack pathogens in your body are

Antibodies

The breaking down of amino acids, losing their amine groups

Deamination

RNA that copies the information in the DNA is

mRNA

What is the AMDR for fat?

20-35%

What protein is more digestible than plant protein?

Animal

______ to _____ percent of the proteins from animal sources are digestible

90-99%

____ to ____ percent of plant proteins are digestible

70-90%

What percent of every dietary protein is nitrogen?

16%

With a pH below 7.35, a condition called _________ sets in and can result in coma

Acidosis

With a pH above 7.45, a condition called __________ sets in and can result in convulsions

Alkalosis

Transport proteins in cell membranes form a doorway to allow ______ such a sodium and potassium to pass in and out

Substances

Two other proteins, _______ and ______ provide mechanical support by helping your muscles contract so you can walk, run, sit, and lie down

Actin, myosin

How can protein enter the blood?

Only if it is a single amino acid

What determines a proteins shape and function?

It’s peptide bonds and side chains