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Indicate any principle here that is NOT derived from the psychological studies on competition and cooperation.
a. Blend competition and cooperation when teaching or coaching physical skills.
b. People are born either competitive or cooperative.
c. Cooperation produces better performance and more open communication than competition.
d. When a competitor and a cooperator meet, the competitor will eventually draw the cooperator into competition.
e. a and b
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e.
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Coakley defines cooperation as
a. a situation in which the goals of the participants are mutually independent
b. a social process through which performance is rewarded in terms of the collective achievements of the group
c. a situation in which rewards are distributed unequally among the participants
d. a situation in which rewards are distributed equally among the participants
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c.
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Cooperative reward structures are more effective in which of the following situations?
a. during work on tasks that are simple
b. during work on tasks that are physically demanding
c. during work on tasks that are complex and that involve problem solving
d. during work on tasks that involve more than five people
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c.
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Deutsch’s study on competition and cooperation found that
a. communication patterns differed significantly based on whether subjects were given cooperative or competitive instructions
b. students receiving competitive instructions exhibited open communication and trust
c. students receiving cooperative instructions communicated openly and shared information
d. a and c
e. a and b
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c.
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The first experiment investigating the effects of competition on performance was conducted in 1898 by
a. Deutsch
b. Triplett
c. Sherif
d. Mintz
e. Orlick
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b.
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. In the field experiments conducted by Sherif and Sherif, the experimenters first
a. created strong group identity
b. created hostility among the groups
c. created cooperation among the counselors
d. created competition among the counselors
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a.
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In the field experiments by Sherif and Sherif, the only thing that worked to bring the campers back together was
a. an all-star game
b. superordinate goals
c. eating together
d. eliminating competitive sports
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b.
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Which of the following is (are) true?
a. Cooperation produces a higher level of achievement than competition.
b. Cooperation produces a higher level of achievement than individualistic behavior.
c. There is no difference in achievement produced by competition and cooperation.
d. a and b
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c.
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In Kelley and Stahelski’s study using the prisoner’s dilemma game, they found that
a. competitors drew cooperators into competition
b. cooperators drew competitors into cooperation
c. cooperators cooperated and competitors competed
d. a and c
e. b and c
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d.
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. Of all the experimental games used by psychologists to study the effects of competition and cooperation, the most often-used game is
a. zero-sum
b. prisoner’s dilemma
c. cooperative means
d. cooperative means, competitive ends
e. competitive means
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d.
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Coakley defines competition as
a. a situation in which rewards are distributed equally among the participants
b. a social process that occurs when rewards are distributed on the basis of comparative performance
c. a situation in which the goals of the participant are mutually interdependent
d. b and c
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b.
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Which of the following behaviors would not support a cooperative learning environment?
a. effort valued
b. success defined in terms of individual progress
c. extrinsic rewards emphasized
d. mistakes viewed as part of learning
e. activity engaged in for challenge
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b.
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According to Coakley, which of the following is (are) characteristic of unstructured youth sport?
a. Personal involvement in the action is maximized.
b. It provides opportunities to reaffirm friendships.
c. Teams are relatively uneven.
d. a and c
e. a and b
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e.
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Which of the following is NOT a stage in Martens’ model of competition?
a. objective competitive situation
b. subjective competitive situation
c. response
d. social comparison
e. consequences
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d.
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. In relation to the subjective competitive situation (stage 2), which of the following is (are) true?
a. Males score lower than females on win orientation.
b. Females score lower than males on goal orientation.
c. Athletes score higher than nonathletes in competitive orientation.
d. b and c
e. a and b
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c.
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The key part of Martens’ definition of competition is
a. social comparison
b. observational learning
c. objective outcome
d. positive reinforcement
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c.
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Which of the following is a competitive situation according to Martens’ definition of the objective competitive situation?
a. a runner competing in a 100-yard dash
b. a swimmer working out by himself
c. a swimmer working out with his coach watching him
d. a and c
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a.
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The team sports of basketball and football are examples of which of the following classification of games?
a. competitive means-competitive ends
b. cooperative means-competitive ends
c. individual means-individual ends
d. cooperative means-cooperative ends
e. cooperative means-individual ends
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b.
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Which of the following is (are) characteristic of cooperative games?
a. They require little equipment or money.
b. They emphasize increased participation by the best players.
c. Players learn from mistakes rather than hide from them.
d. a and c
e. a and b
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b.
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In his study of the effects of a 14-week program of cooperative games, Orlick found that
a. kids exposed to cooperative games engaged in three times as much cooperative behavior during free play as did kids in the control group
b. games played by the control group tended to emphasize individualistic concerns
c. kids exposed to cooperative games had higher self-esteem at the end of the program than kids in the control group
d. a and b
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a.
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One athlete looks forward to competition while another dreads the upcoming event. This is an example of
a. the objective competitive situation
b. the subjective competitive situation
c. response
d. consequences
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b.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of competitive orientation measured by the Sport Orientation Questionnaire?
a. competitive orientation
b. goal orientation
c. fear-of-failure orientation
d. win orientation
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c.
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Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. Varsity athletes have lower GPAs than nonathletes.
b. Varsity athletes have higher rates of deviant behavior than nonathletes.
c. Varsity athletes are no different from nonathletes in terms of eventual career success outside of competitive sport.
d. b and c
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c.
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Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE?
a. Boys play competitive games more frequently than girls.
b. Boys’ games are less aggressive and involve less risk taking than girls’ games.
c. Girls play games in predominantly male groups more often than boys play games in predominantly female groups.
d. a and b
e. a and c
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b.
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. Which of the following is (are) true?
a. Competitors cause cooperators to compete.
b. Cooperators cause competitors to cooperate, regardless of whom they are competing against.
c. Competitors see the world as 50% competitors and 50% cooperators.
d. a and b
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a.
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Which of the following is (are) true?
a. Elite athletes are high on both win and goal orientations.
b. Research by Weinberg and colleagues has indicated that the most important goal for athletes is to improve performance.
c. Elite athletes are high on win orientation and low on goal orientation.
d. a and b
e. b and c
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d.
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Competition and cooperation require similar attributes as noted by Charles Garfield. These include
a. a strong preparation ethic
b. a love of challenge and change
c. a clear winner and loser
d. a and b
e. a and c
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d.
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What happened to the two U.S. sailing teams that competed and cooperated with each other while training for the Olympics?
a. Only one team went to the Olympics and earned a medal there.
b. Both teams went to the Olympics but neither won a medal.
c. They finished in first and fourth place at the Olympic Trials.
d. The second-place team members were disappointed but had gained new confidence in their ability to compete at a world-class level.
e. a and d
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e.
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Competitiveness of athletes appears to be enhanced when
a. watched by coaches
b. social comparison is high
c. performing fine-motor tasks
d. performing strength tasks
e. performing endurance tasks
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b.
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According to Johnson and Johnson, appropriate competition has the following characteristics
a. it is involuntary
b. everyone must have a reasonable chance to win
c. the rules must be clear and fair
d. a and b
*e. b and c
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e.
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. According to Mariah Burton Nelson, an opponent should be viewed
a. as someone to beat
b. as someone to help us perform better
c. as someone to learn from
d. a and c
e. b and c
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