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The fundamental excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____. |
Neuron. [This excitable cell utilizes electrochemical mechanisms to transmit signals from one location in the body to another.] |
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The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the human brain contain a filtrate of the blood, called _____. |
Cerebrospinal fluid [The arterial blood in the brain forms a filtrate that makes up the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which drains into the venous circulation.] |
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Dolphins can be awake and asleep at the same time because _____. |
one side of the brain can sleep while the other side maintains swimming and breathing behaviors. [Dolphins really are half awake much of the time: while the right side of the brain sleeps, the left is active, and vice versa, in an alternating pattern.] |
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Emotion, motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory, in humans, are mediated by the _____. |
limbic system [controls various appetites and motivations in the brain] |
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As vertebrates evolved, the increasingly complex structure of the brain conferred increasingly complex function, especially apparent in the _____. |
cerebral cortex, which is greatly expanded in nonhuman primates and cetaceans. [This region supports language, a very complex function, and other higher-level thinking processes.] |
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Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____. |
organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next. [The sensory and motor parts of these cortices are topographically matched along the border of the frontal and parietal lobes, and are predictably arranged.] |
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In adult humans, short-term memory relies on connections in the _____ whereas long-term memories appear to be based in the _____. |
hippocampus … cerebral cortex |
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Addiction onset by cocaine and amphetamines is characterized by increased _____. |
persistence of dopamine in the brain’s synapses. [Normally, dopamine is quickly removed from the synapses where it functions, but these addictive drugs delay dopamine removal, leading to increased influence of dopamine.] |
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Parkinsonism is characterized by the loss of _____. |
dopaminergic neurons. |
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