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According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____.
A) in conjunction with insects that pollinated them
B) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil C) to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans
D) only about 150 million years ago
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B
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The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.
A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines
B) green algae
C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
D) liverworts and mosses
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B
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About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _____.
A) looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees
B) been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria
C) been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today’s coal
D) had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
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D
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What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?
A) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
B) loss of structures that produce spores
C) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves
D) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells
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A
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Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)?
A) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests
B) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses
C) rise and diversification of angiosperms
D) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes
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C
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Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?
A) They were tied to the water for reproduction and thus needed to remain in close contact with the moist soil.
B) The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air.
C) Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants.
D) There was less competition for space so they simply spread out flat.
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B
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Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because _____.
A) spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not
B) spores have an embryo; seeds do not
C) spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not
D) spores are unicellular; seeds are not
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D
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You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.
A) contains chloroplasts
B) is surrounded by a cuticle
C) does not contain vascular tissue
D) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose
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B
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Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____.
A) protects the zygote from herbivores
B) evolved concurrently with pollen
C) helps in dispersal of the zygote
D) allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
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D
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The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to _____.
A) lignin
B) cellulose
C) secondary compounds
D) sporopollenin
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D
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According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants?
A) unicellular green algae
B) cyanobacteria
C) charophytes
D) red algae
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C
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Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?
A) Plantae
B) Pterophyta
C) Bryophyta
D) Charophycea
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A
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If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include _____.
1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
2. chlorophylls a and b
3. alternation of generations
4. cell walls of cellulose
5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin
A) 1 and 5
B) 1, 2, and 3
C) 1, 3, and 5
D) 1, 2, 4, and 5
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A
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Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land?
1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores)
2. the relative number of competitors
3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners
4. air’s relative lack of support, compared to water’s support
A) 1 and 2
B) 2 and 3
C) 3 and 4
D) 1, 2, and 3
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D
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A student encounters a pondweed which appears to be a charophyte (stonewort). Which of the following features would help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?
1. molecular structure of enzymes inside the chloroplasts
2. structure of sperm cells
3. presence of phragmoplasts
4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
A) 1 and 3
B) 1 and 4
C) 2 and 3
D) 2, 3, and 4
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D
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Stomata _____.
A) occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group
B) open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss
C) occur in all land plants and are the same as pores
D) open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange
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B
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Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?
A) They are all wind pollinated.
B) They are heterosporous.
C) They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae.
D) They require water for reproduction.
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D
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Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?
A) They use stomata for gas exchange regulation.
B) They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.
C) Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface.
D) They have branching veins in their leaves.
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B
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As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____.
A) zygote of a green alga
B) gametophyte of a moss
C) sporophyte of a liverwort
D) gametophyte of a fern
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B
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Which of these are spore-producing structures?
A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
B) antheridium of a moss or fern
C) archegonium of a moss or fern
D) gametophyte of a moss
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A
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What is true about the genus Sphagnum?
A) It is an economically important liverwort.
B) It grows in extensive mats in grassland areas.
C) It accumulates to form coal and is burned as a fuel.
D) It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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D
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How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?
A) Plants in both groups have vascular tissue.
B) In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.
C) The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte.
D) Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves.
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B
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In general, liverworts have a cuticle and pores. However, some species do not have pores. What would you predict concerning the cuticle of these species and why?
A) The cuticle would be the same as in those species with pores.
B) The cuticle would be thicker than in those species with pores.
C) The cuticle would be thinner than in those species with pores.
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C
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Archegonia _____.
A) are the sites where male gametes are produced
B) may contain sporophyte embryos
C) have the same function as sporangia
D) make asexual reproductive structures
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B
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Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?
A) Embryophytes are small plants in an early developmental stage.
B) Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia.
C) Eggs and sperm of most land plants swim toward one another.
D) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.
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B
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Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest.
1. antheridia
2. gametes
3. gametophytes
A) 2, 3, 1
B) 2, 1, 3
C) 3, 2, 1
D) 3, 1, 2
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D
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The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is LEAST likely to be found associated with such appendages?
A) cuticle
B) phenolics
C) stomata
D) peroxisomes
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C
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Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses?
A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation.
B) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents.
C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.
D) The sporophyte generation is dominant.
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C
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At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make _____.
A) microphylls
B) true roots
C) true leaves
D) sporangia
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D
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Two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have _____.
A) lower numbers of bacteria
B) reduced rates of decomposition
C) reduced oxygen content
D) less-acidic water
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D
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Soil nitrogen is not solely contained within the rhizoids of the Dawsonia mosses because rhizoids _____.
A) are associated with fungi that inhibit mineral transfer from soil to rhizoids
B) are not absorptive structures
C) lack direct attachment to the moss sporophytes
D) immediately transfer the nitrogen to the sporophyte
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B
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The 1-m height attainable by Dawsonia moss is at the upper end of the size range reached by mosses. What accounts for the relative tallness of Dawsonia?
A) the cuticle that is found along the ridges of "leaves"
B) "leaves" that are more than one cell layer thick
C) reduced size, mass, and persistence of the sporophytes, which allows gametophores to grow taller
D) the presence of conducting tissues in the "stem"
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D
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Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because _____.
A) photosynthetic protists are primary consumers in many marine food chains
B) photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
C) the increased oxygen consumption by large populations of photosynthetic protists will increase photosynthesis in land plants
D) photosynthetic protists would release a lot of oxygen, and fertilizing them would increase levels of oxygen in the atmosphere
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B
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Which set contains the most closely related terms?
A) megasporangium, megaspore, pollen, ovule
B) microsporangium, microspore, egg, ovary
C) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule
D) microsporangium, microspore, carpel, ovary
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C
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How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous?
A) Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants. B) It has vascular tissue.
C) It has multiple sporangia.
D) Its diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis.
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A
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A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____.
A) mosses
B) ferns
C) gymnosperms
D) flowering plants
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B
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You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?
A) whether or not it has true leaves
B) whether it has microphylls or megaphylls C) whether or not it has seeds
D) its height
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B
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Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
1. spores
2. sporophylls
3. sporophytes
4. sporangia
A) 2, 4, 3, 1
B) 2, 3, 4, 1
C) 3, 1, 4, 2
D) 3, 2, 4, 1
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D
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If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they were not), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs?
A) horsetails and bryophytes
B) lycophytes and bryophytes
C) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes
D) charophytes (stoneworts), bryophytes, and gymnosperms
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C
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Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive.
1. embryophytes
2. green plants
3. seedless vascular plants
4. ferns
5. tracheophytes
A) 1, 2, 5, 3, 4
B) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4
C) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3
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B
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A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content.
This student has probably found a(n) _____.
A) bryophyte sporophyte
B) fern sporophyte
C) horsetail gametophyte
D) lycophyte sporophyte
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D
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Besides oil, what other chemical should be detected in substantial amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres?
A) sporopollenins
B) phenolics
C) waxes
D) terpenes
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A
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What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?
A) flagellated sperm
B) lack of vascular tissues
C) lack of true roots
D) lack of cuticle
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A
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Which of the following features is most important for true mosses and ferns to reproduce in the desert?
A) that the sporophytes occupy only permanently shady, north-facing habitats
B) that the sporophytes hug the ground, growing no taller than a couple of inches
C) either that their gametophytes grow close together, or that they be hermaphroditic
D) that the sporophytes have highly lignified vascular tissues
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C
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Which of the following characteristics is (are) possessed in common by true mosses, ferns, and spike mosses, and therefore becomes useless at helping to determine to which of these groups "flower of stone" belongs?
1. a sporophyte generation that is dominant
2. true leaves and roots
3. flagellated sperm
4. strobili
5. alternation of generations
A) 5 only
B) 1 and 5
C) 2 and 3
D) 3 and 5
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D
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Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone," one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y- shaped structure. Based on these additional observations, which of the following can be properly inferred about "flower of stone"?
1. It is heterosporous.
2. It is a fern.
3. The cone-like structures are sori.
4. It is a lycophyte.
5. It has separate male and female gametophytes.
A) 1 and 5
B) 2 and 3
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 1, 4, and 5
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D
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Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone," one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y- shaped structure. Consequently, which of the following is the closest living relative of "flower of stone"?
A) true moss
B) club moss
C) liverwort
D) fern
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B
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Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone," one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y- shaped structure. Consequently, "flower of stone" should be expected to possess which other characteristics?
1. a gametophyte generation that is dominant 2. lignified vascular tissues
3. microphylls
4. filamentous rhizoids, but not true roots
5. spores that are diploid when mature
A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 5
C) 2 and 3
D) 3, 4, and 5
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C
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In which combination of locations would one who is searching for the gametophytes of "flower of stone" have the best chance of finding them?
1. moist soil
2. underground, nourished there by symbiotic fungi
3. south- or west-facing slopes
4. permanently shady places
5. far from any flower of stone sporophytes
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 1, 2, and 4
D) 1, 2, and 5
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C
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Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would be FALSE?
A) Fertilization would probably be more difficult.
B) Spore dispersal distances would probably increase.
C) Females could produce only one archegonium.
D) Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.
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C
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Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors?
A) Conjugation tubes are formed between sperm and egg cells.
B) Packets of sperm are delivered by wind to the eggs.
C) Aquatic invertebrates carry sperm to eggs.
D) Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop.
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D
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Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human _____.
A) breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
B) putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline
C) breathing more slowly as atmospheric oxygen levels increase
D) increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
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B
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