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Under normal circumstances, most water is lost in __________. A) feces |
B) urine |
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What solute in body fluids determines most of their chemical and physical reactions? A) glucose |
D) electrolytes |
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The role of ADH is to __________. A) increase water reabsorption |
A) increase water reabsorption |
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The body’s water volume is closely tied to a powerful water "magnet." What magnet is referred to here? A) water level in the intracellular compartment |
B) ionic sodium |
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Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in water and electrolyte balance? A) thyroxine |
A) thyroxine |
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Which hormone raises blood calcium levels? A) aldosterone |
B) PTH |
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A decrease in blood CO2 levels leads to __________. A) a drop in blood pH |
C) an increase in blood pH |
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The most common cause of acid-base imbalance is __________. A) metabolic acidosis |
B) respiratory acidosis |
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Which buffer system is the most abundant in the body? A) hydrogen |
B) protein |
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What is the effect of hyperventilation on pH? A) metabolic acidosis |
C) respiratory alkalosis |
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Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance issues? A) growing children |
D) infants |
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Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in hypokalemia, which causes hyperpolarization of neurons; this in turn results in ______. A) increased speed of sodium-potassium pump activity in order to compensate for the reduced concentration of potassium ions |
C) the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential To trigger an action potential cells must reach threshold (critical electrical value required to open voltage-gated ion channels). If the membrane potential is hyperpolarized and falls below normal resting membrane potential, then more cations must enter the cytoplasm for the cell to reach threshold. |
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Which of the following is the only logical explanation for why hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany? A) Low plasma calcium ion concentration decreases the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
C) Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated. Sodium and calcium are cations, and so loss of positive charge in the extracellular fluid would increase membrane permeability to all cations, including sodium. Recall that the efflux (outward movement) of sodium causes depolarization. |
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The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. A) intracellular fluid |
D) plasma |
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Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids |
A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids |
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The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. A) requires ATP for the transport to take place |
B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces |
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Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? A) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. |
A) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. |
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The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________. A) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood |
A) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood |
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Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes? A) membrane polarity |
D) amount of body fat |
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A patient is 72 years old and was admitted to the hospital for severe shortness of breath and edema to her lower extremities. She was diagnosed with heart failure. Which side of the heart failed, and how did this cause edema? A) The right side of the heart failed, causing edema in her lower extremities. The failure to pump blood around the pulmonary circulation caused pooling of blood in the pulmonary circulation, leading to edema. |
D) The right side of the heart failed, causing edema in her lower extremities. The failure to pump blood around the pulmonary circulation caused pooling of blood in the systemic circulation, leading to edema. |
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A 13-year-old girl is admitted to the psychiatric unit for anorexia. Her body weight is 89 lbs. and height is 64 inches. She admits to frequent self-induced vomiting and abuse of laxatives. She was treated on the medical unit with intravenous fluids. Now that she is on the psychiatric unit she is experiencing fluid retention as evidenced by mild puffiness and bloating. Why did she get these symptoms? A) The abuse of laxatives and self-induced vomiting caused her to be chronically fluid and electrolyte depleted. She developed kidney failure, and the kidneys are no longer absorbing fluid correctly. |
E) The abuse of laxatives and self-induced vomiting caused her to be chronically fluid and electrolyte depleted. She developed a compensatory increased production of aldosterone and ADH. |
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Total body water is not a function of which of the following? A) amount of water ingested |
A) amount of water ingested |
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Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. A) chloride |
B) potassium |
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The fluid that bathes the cells found in tissues is called __________. A) plasma |
C) interstitial fluid |
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Which of the following is an electrolyte? A) glucose |
C) potassium |
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Where is the majority of water stored in the human body? A) intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment |
A) intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment |
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Select the person in the following list who would have the highest percentage of water in his or her body. A) a 6-month-old baby boy |
A) a 6-month-old baby boy |
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Which of the following creates the greatest osmotic pressure? A) NaCl |
D) H3PO4 |
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What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid? A) K+ |
D) Na+ |
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What is the most abundant intracellular cation? A) Na+ |
C) K+ |
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What is the most abundant intracellular anion? A) Na+ |
C) HPO4 2- |
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One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. A) becoming overly agitated |
C) a rise in plasma osmolality |
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The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A) the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion |
D) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water |
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Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________. A) nerve damage |
B) tissue edema |
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Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? A) antidiuretic hormone |
A) antidiuretic hormone |
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Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance? A) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high |
B) excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion |
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What is the driving force for water intake? A) ADH |
D) thirst |
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Which of the following would NOT be expected to lead to edema? A) hyponatremia |
A) hyponatremia |
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for dehydration? A) a high rate of insensible water loss |
B) increased muscle mass |
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In a given day, what is the typical value for water intake? A) 250 mL |
C) 2500 ml |
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What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day? A) urine |
A) urine |
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How much water is generated per day from cellular metabolism? A) 750 ml |
B) 250 ml |
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Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism? A) decrease in blood volume |
B) increase in blood pressure |
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What receptors does the brain use to detect changes in osmolality? A) chemoreceptors |
D) osmoreceptors |
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What hormone helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high? A) parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments? A) hypotonic hydration |
A) hypotonic hydration |
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Which of the following conditions promotes edema? A) hypoproteinemia |
A) hypoproteinemia |
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What is the hallmark of hypotonic hydration? A) hyponatremia |
A) hyponatremia |
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The body’s water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A) sodium ions |
A) sodium ions |
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Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A) renin |
D) aldosterone |
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Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. A) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention |
A) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention |
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Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? A) glucocorticoids |
C) aldosterone |
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The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. A) intracellular sodium levels |
D) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma |
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What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A) atrial natriuretic peptide |
A) atrial natriuretic peptide |
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The regulation of sodium ________. A) involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration |
D) is linked to blood pressure |
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The regulation of potassium balance ________. A) includes renal secretion, but never absorption |
B) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium |
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Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body? A) secretory activity |
D) anabolism of lipids |
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Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin? A) increased extracellular fluid water levels |
A) increased extracellular fluid water levels |
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Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? A) There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale. |
D) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. |
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A patient is discovered to have a strange craving for iron objects. To try to determine the cause, her physician decides to order tests to determine if this patient might have some type of ______. A) hypothyroidism |
D) anemia Anemia is a condition where red blood cells have an abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity. This capacity depends on the iron content within the hemoglobin molecule. |
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Which of the following abnormalities would not be observed in a patient who has Addison’s disease? A) elevated plasma potassium level |
B) hypertension Hypertension (abnormally high blood pressure) is typically caused by restricting blood flow by vasoconstriction or abnormally high fluid volume in the blood. Water balance is regulated by anti-diuretic hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary. |
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Which of the following does NOT impact how much sodium is reabsorbed? A) aldosterone |
B) transport maximum of the renal proximal tubule |
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PTH (parathyroid hormone) acts on the __________ to __________ Ca2+ reabsorption. A) liver; decrease |
C) DCT; increase |
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Which of the following regulates the secretion of K+ into the filtrate? A) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
C) aldosterone |
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What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release? A) increased osmolality of the extracellular fluids (ECF) |
C) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism |
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What results from increased levels of aldosterone? A) decreased Na+ reabsorption |
C) increased Na+ reabsorption |
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Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. A) a runner has completed a very long marathon |
B) a person’s breathing is shallow due to obstruction |
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The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A) protein |
B) bicarbonate |
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A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A) respiratory acidosis |
A) respiratory acidosis |
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Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A) chemical buffer systems |
B) diet |
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Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A) bicarbonate |
C) nucleic acid |
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The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A) the control of respiratory ventilation |
A) the control of respiratory ventilation |
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Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A) respiratory acidosis |
B) metabolic acidosis |
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A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) metabolic alkalosis |
A) metabolic alkalosis |
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A patient is admitted to the hospital in complete collapse. His blood pH is 6.8, and his HCO3- is 20 mEq/L. A medical history reveals that this patient is a chronic alcoholic. What diagnosis would you give, and what prognosis? A) The pH and bicarbonate levels and the history of alcoholism indicate metabolic alkalosis. The patient will require dialysis to remove the bicarbonate ions. |
E) The pH and bicarbonate levels and the history of alcoholism indicate metabolic acidosis. The patient will go into a coma and death soon follows. |
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After traveling from Los Angeles to Denver, Claire finds she is not feeling well and checks into a clinic for help. What is the diagnosis, and what has caused this problem? A) Respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation. Claire is experiencing the effect of the high altitude, breathing faster and deeper to raise her oxygen levels in her blood. |
A) Respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation. Claire is experiencing the effect of the high altitude, breathing faster and deeper to raise her oxygen levels in her blood. |
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A patient’s anxiety caused her to develop respiratory alkalosis. What breathing technique did the nurse recommend, and why? A) The nurse instructed the patient to breathe faster and deeper. This will increase the patient’s blood levels of carbon dioxide by eliminating less carbon dioxide from the lungs, resulting in a decrease in the blood pH. |
C) The nurse instructed the patient to breathe slower and deeper, and to breathe into a paper bag. This will increase the patient’s blood level of carbon dioxide by eliminating less carbon dioxide from the lungs, and by breathing in the expired air which has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide. As a result, the blood pH will decrease. |
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Which organs are the ultimate acid-base regulatory organs? A) kidneys |
A) kidneys |
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What is the most common cause of acid-base imbalance? A) metabolic acidosis |
B) respiratory acidosis |
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Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body? A) CO2 in the blood |
C) aerobic breakdown of glucose |
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The primary buffer of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is the __________. A) protein buffer system |
B) bicarbonate buffer system |
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The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________. A) maintaining HCO3- balance. |
A) maintaining HCO3- balance. |
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This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the following reaction. HCl + NaHCO3 –> A) NaOH + NaH2PO4 |
C) H2CO3 + NaCl |
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Which chemical buffer system is the only important system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that resists short-term changes in pH? A) phosphate buffer system |
C) bicarbonate buffer system |
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In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer? A) salt |
C) weak base |
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Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________. A) low daily rate of fluid exchange |
B) inefficient kidneys |
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Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults. A) sodium |
A) sodium |
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