Chapter 21 Human Growth

T/F: The Flynn effect refers to an individual’s increasing intelligence with age and experience.

False

T/F: Hundreds of cross-sectional studies of IQ in many nations confirmed that older adults outscored younger adults.

False

T/F: Expertise always overcomes the effects of age.

False

T/F: Intellectually demanding tasks, paid or not, tend to keep the mind working after retirement.

True

T/F: Individuals high in analytic intelligence as able to better handle the tasks of adulthood.

False

T/F: Spearman believed that general intelligence cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from various abilities.

True

T/F: Multitasking, an example of selective optimization, becomes more difficult with every passing decade.

True

T/F: The best coping strategy in every stressful situation is always emotion-focused coping.

False

T/F: In adulthood, only a select number of previously developed abilities can be enhanced or diminished.

False

T/F: It is difficult to determine who is a smart person, but easy to determine which nation is smartest.

False

T/F: Abstract thinking and speed of thinking are some of the mental abilities that make up fluid intelligence.

True

T/F: Schaie found in the Seattle Longitudinal Study that by age 60 everyone declined in at least one of the basic abilities, but not until age 88 are declines in all five skills apparent in everyone.

True

T/F: Sternberg stated that there are three kinds of intelligence: academic, creative, and practical.

False

T/F: Women are more apt to use an emotion-focused coping styles for stress than men.

True

T/F: If they use problem-focused coping styles, people try to attack the stress directly.

True

A problem with cross-sectional research is that _____.

A. there could be cohort effects as each has unique life experiences
B. retesting leads older subjects to do better
C. the most intelligent people are most likely to drop out of the study
D. the results tend not to be worth the large investment

A

Which psychologist proposed the existence of g?

A. Spearman
B. Thurstone
C. Gardner
D. Sternberg

A

An expert internal medicine doctor may prefer a patient who _____.

A. has a clearly diagnosable condition
B. is in perfect health
C. has symptoms that do not match any diagnosable condition
D. does not come in for medical care until their home remedies fail

C

Baltes and Baltes found that adults use their intellectual strengths to offset their age-related declining abilities through the process of _____.

A. compensatory thinking
B. selective optimization with compensation
C. maturation of compensation
D. optimization of maturation and wisdom

B

The two researchers who concluded that fluid and crystallized intelligence are the most crucial aspects of intelligence were _____.

A. Bayley and Oden
B. Cattell and Horn
C. Jones and Conrad
D. Sternberg and Gardner

B

Which type of intelligence is usually MOST valued during high school and college?

A. creative
B. practical
C. behavioral
D. analytic

D

Paula is a middle-aged doctor who is an expert at laser eye surgery for the correction of myopia (nearsightedness). She graduated from medical school 35 years ago. Daryl is a young doctor who also does the surgery; he graduated from medical school 5 years ago. According to the textbook, who would likely be the better choice for operating on your eyes?

A. Paula; she will probably complete the operation more quickly than Daryl
B. Paula; she has done the operation so often that she is more strategic and flexible
C. Daryl; he graduated more recently and knows the most recent techniques
D. Daryl; since he is younger, he thinks faster and can adjust to problems that arise

B

When driving, adults are _____ distracted by talking on a cell phone _____ to a passenger.

A. more; than
B. less; than
C. equally; and
D. not; or

A

The basic intelligence that makes learning quick and thorough is referred to as _____ intelligence.

A. fluid
B. crystallized
C. practical
D. creative

A

Nathanial is a participant in a research study. He needs to decide how Figure A relates to Figure B. Nathanial will need to use _____ in order to solve this problem.

A. creative intelligence
B. practical intelligence
C. fluid intelligence
D. crystallized intelligence

C

Which statement about fluid intelligence is TRUE?

A. It is the accumulation of facts.
B. It is quick and flexible.
C. It includes long-term memory for dates in history.
D. It includes the size of one’s vocabulary.

B

Research on taxi drivers in London indicates that drivers with more experience _____.

A. developed higher IQs through their work
B. had brains that adjusted to the need for a particular kind of knowledge
C. became less effective over time as they tuned out details
D. had slower processing skills than younger drivers

B

A term used to denigrate domestic and caregiving tasks that were once thought to be the responsibility of females is _____.

A. females’ work
B. females’ job
C. women’s work
D. women’s job

C

Which example relies MOST heavily on crystallized intelligence?

A. putting together a puzzle
B. knowing the chemical symbols for various elements
C. recalling a list of 10 words
D. analyzing relationships between concepts

B

Janyce, a 50-year-old woman, has several stressors in her life, so she turns to her friends in order to deal with the pressure. Which statement BEST explains the physiological phenomenon associated with her method of coping?

A. She is reacting in a "fight-or-flight" manner, experiencing a rise and then fall in testosterone levels.
B. She is suppressing justifiable feelings, and thus may be at greater risk for an early death.
C. She is arranging her life in order to minimize stressors, and thus is experiencing reduced stress.
D. Her body is producing oxytocin, a hormone that encourages caring interactions.

D

T/F: The superior strategies of the expert permit selective optimization with compensation.

True

T/F: It is unfair and scientifically invalid to compare IQ scores of a cross-section to learn about age-related changes.

True

T/F: Experts rely more on formal procedures and rules rather than past experiences and immediate contexts when thinking.

False

T/F: New data on the Flynn effect finds that generational increases have sped up in developing nations.

False

T/F: Crystallized intelligence allows an individual to demonstrate the immediate recall of nonsense words.

False

T/F: For most people throughout adulthood, both fluid and crystallized intelligence increase with age.

False

T/F: Adults used selective optimization with compensation to become experts in their field.

False

Which of the following is an example of a relatively modern cognitive artifact?

A. the number system
B. mathematics
C. written language
D. electricity

D

Betty is a retired registered nurse who fills in at the local hospital when the staff is in need of nurses. She is frequently called in without advance notice and must take over without any time to get oriented. Betty must rely on what Sternberg calls _____ intelligence in order to grasp the expectations and needs of the situation.

A. practical
B. creative
C. flexible
D. analytic

A

With which coping style do people try to attack a stressor in some way?

A. emotion-focused
B. problem-focused
C. avoidant coping
D. ignoring-retreating

B

For a typical middle-aged adult, intelligence usually increases _____.

A. in the specific areas that reflect his or her interest
B. in all areas throughout adulthood
C. only in areas associated with one’s work and employment
D. slightly in random ways

A

Two important shifts have occurred in the world of work. They are that _____ women are working in occupations traditionally reserved for men, and domestic and caregiving activities have _____ respect.

A. more; gained new
B. fewer; gained new
C. more; lost
D. fewer; lost

A

When developmentalists use the term "expert," they usually mean a person who _____.

A. is extraordinarily gifted in one area
B. has earned advanced credentials in his or her special area
C. is innately skilled
D. specializes in activities that are personally meaningful

D

According to Sternberg, analytic intelligence involves _____.

A. the skills used in everyday problem solving
B. abstract planning, focused attention, and verbal and logical skills
C. the accumulation of facts and knowledge as a result of experience
D. the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative.

B

When the thought required for an action has become routine, and it appears that most aspects of the task are performed instinctively, the performance of the task is _____.

A. automatic
B. optimized
C. compensated
D. efficient

A

According to the results of Schaie’s study, which individual would have the best number ability?

A. Emil, born in 1912
B. Delano, born in 1924
C. Xavier, born in 1936
D. Frank, born in 1948

B

A study of adults aged 34 to 83 found that people high in fluid intelligence were exposed to _____ stress and were _____ likely to suffer from it.

A. more; more
B. less; less
C. more; less
D. less; more

C

The process of turning to faith as a method of coping with stress is referred to as _____.

A. avoidant coping
B. emotion-focused coping
C. religious coping
D. problem-focused coping

C

Who is likely to be WORST at multitasking?

A. Jenny, who is 10 years old
B. Janice, who is 25 years old
C. Hailey, who is 40 years old
D. Rita, who is 55 year old

D

T/F: Abstract thinking and speed of thinking are some of the mental abilities that make up fluid intelligence.

True

T/F: Cohort differences are among the factors that account for age-related variation in adult intelligence.

True

T/F: Practical intelligence is prized if life circumstances change and new challenges arise.

False

T/F: It is possible to measure g directly.

False

T/F: For most people, intelligence early in life predicts more education, more income, and a longer life.

True

T/F: In adults, crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age while fluid intelligence decreases with age.

True

Which of Sternberg’s three forms of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?

A. creative
B. practical
C. analytic
D. general

B

Which is the best example of fluid intelligence?

A. knowing the names of the British monarchs in chronological order
B. the ability to quickly recognize relationships between words
C. extensive knowledge of computer programming
D. the ability to read and interpret an electrocardiogram

B

Ken is a highly skilled electrician and Gwen is his new apprentice. When unexpected problems occur as they work on complex wiring projects, the MOST critical difference between their approaches in successfully completing the job is _____.

A. Ken’s automatic processing
B. Gwen’s trial and error
C. Ken’s innate ability
D. Gwen’s use of trade manuals

A

One study found that those who retired from challenging work often _____ intellectual power and those who left dull jobs often _____ intellectual power.

A. lost; lost
B. gained; gained
C. gained; lost
D. lost; gained

D

In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, the cognitive complexity of the occupations of more than 500 workers was measured, including the complexities involved in the workers’ interactions with other people, with things, and with data. Older workers maintained _____.

A. their intellectual prowess only for interactions with other people
B. their intellectual prowess only for interactions with things
C. their intellectual prowess only for interactions with data
D. their intellectual prowess in interactions with other people, with things, and with data

D

The research design that involves testing groups of subjects of different ages multiple times and comparing their scores with their own scores in previous periods in addition to the scores of new groups of adults of the same ages is called _____.

A. longitudinal or long-term research
B. cross-sectional research
C. retesting research
D. cross-sequential research

D

A study of trained pilots who were given directions by air traffic controllers in a flight simulation found that _____.

A. experienced pilots took more accurate and complete notes and used their own shorthand to illustrate and emphasize ideas
B. inexperienced pilots took more accurate and complete notes and used their own shorthand to illustrate and emphasize ideas
C. experienced and inexperienced pilots took equally accurate and complete notes and each used their own shorthand to illustrate and emphasize ideas
D. experienced pilots took more accurate and complete notes and inexperienced pilots used their own shorthand to illustrate and emphasize ideas

A

The most crucial cognitive difference between a skilled person and an unskilled person may be _____.

A. strategy
B. automatic processing
C. intuition
D. flexibility

A

Experts tend to be intuitive, automatic, _____, and _____ in their thinking.

A. strategic; inflexible
B. strategic; flexible
C. flexible; analytical
D. analytical; inflexible

B

Fluid intelligence includes _____.

A. a knowledge of geographical facts
B. the speed of processing mathematical information
C. the size of one’s science vocabulary
D. the ability to recognize the name famous paintings

B

The skill, flexibility, and strategies needed to raise a family are a manifestation of _____.

A. expertise
B. intelligence
C. coping
D. weathering

A

T/F: Cognitive ability in adulthood does not increase for those with challenging work.

False

T/F: Major stresses can negatively impact health, but minor daily hassles do not.

False

T/F: Schaie found that scores on tests of practical intelligence were steadier than the scores on other kinds of tests from age 20 to 70.

True

When students take multiple-choice exams, they are using the form of intelligence that Sternberg calls _____.

A. academic
B. creative
C. practical
D. analytic

D

Based on the results of cross-sectional intelligence testing, _____ for the first half of the twentieth century.

A. younger generations were considered to be smarter than older ones
B. older generations were considered to be smarter than younger ones
C. older generations were considered to know entirely different things than younger ones
D. younger and older generations were considered equally smart

A

Hunt, a psychologist who studies intelligence, has proposed that nations with the most advanced economies and greatest national wealth are those that make best use of cognitive _____, that is, ways to amplify and extend general cognitive ability.

A. modifiers
B. tools
C. artifacts
D. optimizers

C

Which statement about age and expertise is TRUE?

A. Expertise can overcome some of the detrimental effects of age but not all.
B. Expertise can compensate for the deterioration that comes with age.
C. Female experts are better than male experts at keeping their level of expertise stable.
D. The effects of age apply equally to experts and novices

A

Thinking that occurs without deliberate, conscious thought is _____ processing.

A. strategic
B. flexible
C. automatic
D. intuitive

C

Results from Schaie’s study revealed that more recent generations of women have higher IQ scores than did earlier generations of women due in part to _____.

A. employment in more difficult or challenging work
B. not having as many children
C. better health care
D. nutrition that better supports intellectual abilities

A

Cynthia has just experienced a hassle, which could influence her cognitive functioning. She has MOST likely just experienced _____.

A. the death of a loved one
B. the birth of a child
C. a job loss
D. a traffic jam

D

Longitudinal research on intelligence found that IQ scores _____.

A. increased after the early 20s
B. decreased after the early 20s
C. remained stable after the early 20s
D. fluctuated after the early 20s

A

The Mullers have just had a baby. Both parents must now adapt to the new demands of caring for an infant. This will require the form of intelligence that Sternberg calls _____.

A. formal
B. creative
C. analytic
D. practical

D

Over the long run, _____ intelligence is prized whenever life circumstances change or new challenges arise.

A. creative
B. crystallized
C. analytic
D. practical

A

Which is the BEST example of an adult using selective optimization with compensation?

A. Giovanni, who always buys and drives a standard transmission vehicle so he won’t forget how to do so
B. Dorothy, who is learning to play the piano in retirement.
C. Bettie, who uses sticky note reminders in her home, office, and car
D. Rick, who wears reading glasses due to astigmatism

C

Expert thought is _____.

A. intuitive, automatic, practical, and flexible
B. intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible
C. practical, automatic, strategic, and flexible
D. intuitive, automatic, strategic, and practical

B

Donna was just diagnosed with cancer. She has started drinking heavily and keeps moving doctors’ appointments further away in time. Donna is engaging in _____ coping.

A. active
B. avoidant
C. problem-focused
D. emotion-focused

B

What does the KIDI scale measure?

A. knowledge of infant digestion
B. knowledge of infant development
C. knowledge of information development
D. knowledge of indicators of depression

B

When Alice needs to figure out how to host a work party for 100 employees with a modest $100.00 budget, she needs to be innovative and imaginative. In order for Alice to host a successful work party she will need to use _____.

A. creative intelligence
B. practical intelligence
C. analytic intelligence
D. crystallized intelligence

A

To solve a problem in his or her special area, the expert is more likely than the novice to _____.

A. rely on past experiences
B. give conscious attention to all aspects of the problem
C. rely on formal procedures
D. verbalize exactly how he or she achieves results

A

Who is more likely to have the greatest number of strategies?

A. Bobby, who has been playing chess for one year
B. Cal, who has been playing chess for five years
C. Alan, who has been playing chess for 25 years
D. Robert, who is new to the game of chess but is great at math

C

T/F: Cultures vary in what they believe about infant development.

True

T/F: Curiosity, learning something for the joy of it, and the thrill at discovering something new are marks of fluid intelligence.

True

When supportive, knowledgeable, encouraging people visited low-income mothers, there was an _____.

A. improvement in the mothers’ knowledge of infant development
B. increase in the gross household income
C. improvement in the mothers’ ability to create an appropriate environment
D. improvement in the mothers’ analytic skills

C

If a person is experiencing stress and the person’s organ reserve is depleted, the physiological toll of those stressors can _____.

A. boost the immune system
B. decrease blood pressure
C. speed up the heart
D. produce long, deep sleeps

C

Major stressors and daily hassles _____.

A. can impair cognitive functioning
B. can enhance cognitive functioning
C. can improve cognitive functioning
D. have no impact on cognitive functioning

A

Amy, a high school sophomore, tells her school counselor that she believes she is at the peak of her intellectual ability. Her counselor responds that _____.

A. she is correct
B. that actually her intellectual abilities will peak during college and then start to decline
C. her intellectual abilities will increase throughout adulthood
D. there is no way to know if she is or not

C

Despite experiencing Hurricane Katrina, Alice continued to believe that God was caring and benevolent. Because of these beliefs, Alice was more likely to experience _____ after experiencing Katrina.

A. post-traumatic stress disorder
B. post-traumatic growth
C. depression
D. anxiety

B

According to Sternberg, intelligence used in everyday problem solving is considered to be _____.

A. creative intelligence
B. practical intelligence
C. analytic intelligence
D. crystallized intelligence

B

Practical intelligence, one form of Sternberg’s intelligences, would be needed to _____.

A. study vocabulary for a foreign language test
B. take a standard intelligence test
C. improve reading speed
D. understand the needs of family members

D

The Wilson family is having a big reunion and four generations of Wilsons are expected to attend. Applying the Flynn effect to this family, we would expect that _____.

A. the first generation of Wilsons would score the highest on a standard IQ test
B. the fourth generation of Wilsons would score the highest on a standard IQ test
C. the second and third generations of Wilsons would score similarly on a standard IQ test
D. all four generations would score similarly on a standard IQ test

B

In which coping style do people try to change their attitude about a stressor?

A. emotion-focused
B. problem-focused
C. avoidant coping
D. ignoring-retreating

A