Chapter 11 APUSH

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Sub-Treasury Plan

famers would be able to store their crops in new government warehouses and obtain government loans for up to 80% of the value of their crops at 1% interests. It would promote inflation because the loans to farmers would be made in new legal-tender notes. IT WAS NEVER ADOPTED. Its failure led farm leaders to believe that they needed more political power in order to secure railroad regulation, currency inflation, state departments of agriculture, anti-trust laws and farm credit

Charles River Bridge Case

This case was between two companies who wanted to build a bridge across the Charles River. One company had a longstanding charter and wanted a guaranteed monopoly. The other wanted to build a competing bridge, on without a toll. Previously, the court, under Marshall, would have argued for the company with a charter, declaring that states had no right to amend charters. However, under Taney, the Chief Justice as of 1835, the Court allowed the second charter for "general happiness." 4: 1825-1865

Samuel F.B. Morse

an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code

"Fictive Kin"

Family-like relationships that are not based on blood or marriage but on close friendship ties.

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

"Normal Schools"

state colleges established for the training of teachers

The Grimke Sisters

Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement.

Frederick Douglass

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

Unitarianism

Christian doctrine that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Transcendentalism

a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Brook Farm

a utopian experiment in communal living in the United States in the 1840s. It was founded by former Unitarian minister George Ripley and his wife Sophia Ripley at the Ellis Farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1841 and was inspired in part by the ideals of Transcendentalism, a religious and cultural philosophy based in New England. Founded as a joint stock company, it promised its participants a portion of the profits from the farm in exchange for performing an equal share of the work. Brook Farmers believed that by sharing the workload, ample time would be available for leisure activities and intellectual pursuits.

Henry David Thoreau

A transcendentalist and friend of Emerson. He lived alone on Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. In his essay, "On Civil Disobedience," he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and had spent a night in jail. He was an extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance).

Thomas Cole

Landscape artist who became a leader of the Hudson River School of painting/ known for painting nature scenes around the Hudson River Valley

John James Audubon

he drew/studied American birds, came form Santo Domingo 1803 and captured the beauty of American wildlife

Edgar Allen Poe

United States writer and poet (1809-1849)

P.T. Barnum

the famous and unscrupulous showman, opened the American Museum in New York in 1842, not a showcase for art or nature, but a great freak show populated by midgets, Siamese twins, magicians, and ventriloquists, eventually launching his famous circus

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

signed August 9, 1842, was a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies. It resolved a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border, established the border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods, originally defined in the Treaty of Paris (1783), reaffirmed the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains defined in the Treaty of 1818, called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, and agreed to shared use of the Great Lakes.

Horace Greeley

United States journalist with political ambitions (1811-1872)

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.