|
Which is the smallest unit of life that can survive and reproduce on its own? |
a cell |
|
Which of the following is defined as "all of the various species living in the same area?" A. ecosystem |
community |
|
Organisms designated as producers usually obtain their energy from___ |
the sun |
|
As energy is transferred among organisms, some escapes from the environment as ____ energy. A. electrical |
heat |
|
About 12 to 24 hours after the last meal, a person’s blood sugar level normally varies from 60 to 90 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood, although it may rise to 130 mg per100 ml after meals high in carbohydrates. That the blood sugar level is maintained within a fairly narrow range, despite uneven intake of sugar, is due to the body’s ability to carry out |
homeostasis |
|
The instructions for growth and development are in A. proteins |
DNA |
|
The instructions in DNA are used to make A. proteins |
proteins |
|
A scientific name consists of which of the following? A. family name |
genus name and species designation |
|
The most diverse and inclusive classification group is the A. domain |
domain |
|
Which domain(s) is(are) made up of organisms without nuclei? A. Archaea |
both Archaea and Bacteria |
|
Members of which kingdom are usually single-celled eukaryotes? A. Animalia |
Protista |
|
A mutation is a change in A. homeostasis |
hereditary instructions |
|
The principal point of the Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection was that A. Long-term heritable changes in organisms are caused by use and disuse. |
Survival of characteristics in a population depends on competition between organisms, especially between members of the same species. |
|
The validity of scientific discoveries should be based on A. morality |
none of these |
|
Science is based on A. faith |
evidence |
|
All of the following will strengthen a scientific theory EXCEPT A. repetitions of experiments |
faith |
|
Hypotheses are A. often in the form of a statement |
all of these |
|
When a hypothesis has been repeatedly and rigorously tested and supported, it is called a A. model |
scientific theory |
|
To eliminate the influence of uncontrolled variables during experimentation, one should A. Increase the sampling error as much as possible and suspend judgment. |
Establish a control group identical to the experimental group except for the |
|
How many variable events is it best to test in one experiment? A. 1 |
1 |
|
The negative subatomic particle is the A. neutron |
electron |
|
The neutral subatomic particle is the A. neutron |
neutron |
|
The atomic number refers to the A. mass of an atom |
number of protons in an atom |
|
Isotopes of the same element differ in the number of A. electrons |
neutrons |
|
Which statement is NOT true? A. Electrons closest to the nucleus are at the lowest energy level. |
Electrons are unable to move out of the assigned orbital space. |
|
Water is an example of a(n) A. atom |
compound |
|
Which substance is NOT a compound? A. salt |
carbon |
|
What is formed when an atom loses or gains an electron? A. a new element |
ion |
|
The bond in table salt (NaCl) is |
ionic |
|
What type of bond is formed whenever atoms share a pair of electrons? A. covalent |
covalent |
|
A chemical bond with unequal sharing is called A. ionic |
polar |
|
What bonds usually hold large molecules in their 3-dimensional shape (tertiary structure)? A. hydrogen |
hydrogen |
|
How do hydrophobic molecules react with water? A. attracted to |
repelled by |
|
Water is important to living organisms because A. Of its cohesive properties. |
All of these. |
|
Glucose dissolves in water because it A. ionizes |
is polar and forms many hydrogen bonds with the water molecules |
|
Why does ice float on water? A. Ice is hydrophobic and repels water. |
Water molecules are spaced farther apart in ice than in liquid water. |
|
A pH of 10 is how many times as basic as a pH of 7? A. 2 |
1,000 |
|
A solution with a pH of 8 has how many times fewer hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6? A. 2 |
100 |
|
A reaction of an acid and a base will produce water and A. a buffer |
a salt |
|
Cellular pH is kept near a value of seven, due to the action of A. salts |
buffers |
|
Carbon forms bonds with a maximum of how many other atoms? A. 2 |
4 |
|
An OH group is a(n) ____ group. A. carboxyl |
hydroxyl |
|
The formation of large molecules from small subunits is known as what kind of reaction? A. oxidation |
condensation |
|
The breakdown of large molecules by the enzymatic addition of water is an example of what kind of reaction? A. oxidation |
hydrolysis |
|
Which is a "building block" of carbohydrates? A. glycerol |
monosaccharide |
|
Plants store their excess carbohydrates in the form of A. starch |
starch |
|
Triglycerides contain A. fatty acids |
both fatty acids and glycerol |
|
Oils are A. liquid at room temperatures |
both liquid at room temperature and unsaturated |
|
An example of a saturated fat is A. olive oil |
butter |
|
Cell membranes are characterized by the presence of A. triglycerides |
phospholipids |
|
Sterols are A. lipids |
all of these |
|
Amino acids are the building blocks for A. proteins |
proteins |
|
Proteins may function as A. structural units |
all of these |
|
What kind of bond exists between two amino acids in a protein? A. peptide |
peptide |
|
The sequence of amino acids is the ____ structure of proteins. A. primary |
primary |
|
Which of the following can be parts of the secondary structure of proteins? A. helices |
both helices and sheets |
|
The association of four subunit peptides in a fully functional molecule of hemoglobin is a good example of ____ protein structure. A. primary |
quaternary |
|
In sickle cell disease, the hemoglobin contains an incorrect A. amino acid |
amino acid |
|
The nucleotide most closely associated with energy metabolism is A. cyclic AMP |
ATP |
|
DNA A. is one of the adenosine phosphates |
contains protein-building instructions |
|
Which of the following is(are) not components of all cells? A. plasma membrane |
nucleus |
|
Large cells work better if they A. are spherical |
are both flat/thin and have folded membranes |
|
The relative impermeability of membranes to water-soluble molecules is a result of the A. nonpolar nature of water molecules |
presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer. |
|
Prokaryotic cells do NOT have A. nucleoid regions |
membrane-bound nuclei |
|
These are the primary cellular sites for the production of ATP. A. chloroplasts |
chloroplasts and mitochondria |
|
Which of the following are common in plants but not in animals? A. chloroplasts |
chloroplasts and central vacuoles |
|
Scientists use the word "chromosome" to describe A. an individual DNA molecule with associated proteins |
an individual DNA molecule with associated proteins |
|
An organelle found in the nucleus is a A. plastid |
nucleolus |
|
Which of the following is NOT true concerning the nuclear envelope? A. It has two lipid bilayers. |
DNA molecules are transported out through the pores. |
|
These organelles are sometimes referred to as rough or smooth, depending on the structure. A. Golgi bodies |
endoplasmic reticula |
|
These structures are the primary cellular sites for the production of proteins. A. Golgi bodies |
ribosomes |
|
Fatty acids are produced here. A. Golgi bodies |
smooth endoplasmic reticula |
|
These are the primary structures for the packaging of cellular secretions for export from the cell. A. Golgi bodies |
Golgi bodies |
|
These contain enzymes and are the main organelles of intracellular digestion. A. Golgi bodies |
lysosomes |
|
Plasmodesmata are A. used in energy transformations within the cell |
cross-connections between cell walls |
|
Which type of junctions prevent water leakage between cells? |
tight junctions |
|
Which type of junctions allows communication between animal cells? A. gap junctions |
gap junctions |
|
Structural features that contain the protein actin and help to control the shapes of cells are A. plastids. |
microfilaments |
|
Organelles used to move chromosomes are the A. cilia |
microtubules |
|
Four of the five answers listed below are portions of a well-known theory. Select the exception. A. Cells are the structural and functional components of living things. |
All cells have a nucleus. |
|
The second law of thermodynamics states that: A. Energy can be transformed into matter and, because of this, we can get something for nothing. |
Energy tends to become increasingly more disorganized. |
|
Essentially, the first law of thermodynamics says that: A. One form of energy cannot be converted into another. |
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. |
|
Which reaction is NOT an exergonic reaction? A. protein synthesis |
protein synthesis |
|
When ATP releases its energy, it forms A. AMP |
both ADP and Pi |
|
During enzyme-catalyzed reactions, substrate is a synonym for A. end product |
reactant |
|
Enzymes increase the rate of a given reaction by lowering what kind of energy? A. combination |
activation |
|
Although it is too simple an explanation, the concept of a key fitting into a lock is descriptive of the A. inhibition of enzymes by small molecules |
matching of enzyme with substrate |
|
Which of the following may show enzymatic activity? A. lipids |
proteins |
|
Which of the following is NOT true of enzyme behavior? A. Enzyme shape may change during catalysis. |
Each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions. |
|
Allosteric inhibition is generally a result of A. excess substrates |
binding regulatory molecules at a site other than the active site |
|
Enzymatic reactions can be affected by A. pH |
all of these |
|
Which of the following substances would be unlikely to function as a coenzyme? A. a water-soluble vitamin |
glucose |
|
A molecule that gives up an electron becomes A. ionized |
both ionized and oxidized |
|
Which affects the rate of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane? A. I only |
I, II, and III |
|
The rate of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane will be lowest when which of the following are true? I. A. I only |
II only |
|
In simple diffusion: A. The rate of movement of molecules is controlled by temperature and pressure. |
All of these. |
|
Movement of a molecule against a concentration gradient occurs in A. simple diffusion |
active transport |
|
A single-celled freshwater organism, such as a protistan, is transferred to salt water. Which of the following is likely to happen? A. The cell bursts. |
The cell shrinks. |
|
Which statement is true? A. A cell placed in an isotonic solution will swell. |
A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell. |
|
White blood cells use ____ to get rid of foreign particles in the blood. A. simple diffusion |
phagocytosis |
|
Chlorophyll a appears green because it absorbs mainly _____ light. A. violet and red |
violet and red |
|
Light-dependent reactions in plants proceed in the _____. A. thylakoid membrane |
thylakoid membrane |
|
In the light-dependent reactions, ________. A. carbon dioxide is fixed |
ATP forms |
|
What accumulates inside the thylakoid compartment during the light-dependent reactions? A. glucose |
hydrogen ions |
|
Light-independent reactions in plants proceed in the ________. A. thylakoid membrane |
stroma |
|
The Calvin-Benson cycle starts when ____. A. light is available |
carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP |
|
In the light-independent reactions, _____. A. carbon dioxide is fixed |
carbon dioxide is fixed and sugars form |
|
All of the following statements are true EXCEPT A. photons are packages of light energy. |
the longer the wavelength of light, the more energy it has. |
|
Discrete packages of light energy are called A. electrons. |
photons. |
|
The light reflected most by chlorophyll is A. red. |
green. |
|
In Engleman’s 1882 experiment, why did bacteria cluster in red or violet bands of the rainbow? A. The bacteria used those wavelengths to photosynthesize. |
Algae photosynthesized best at those wavelengths, producing needed oxygen. |
|
Thylakoid disks are A. stacked |
stacked |
|
Plants need which of the following to carry out photosynthesis? A. H2O |
both CO2 and H2O |
|
Where in a plant cell is chlorophyll found? A. on the outer chloroplast membrane |
in the thylakoid membrane |
|
The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from A. carbon dioxide. |
water. |
|
The final electron acceptor in the noncyclic pathway of ATP formation is A. FAD. |
NADP+. |
|
Which of the following is most descriptive of an electron transfer chain? A. It generates energy for nothing. |
It transfers energy in a stepwise manner from one compound to another. |
|
An important electron and hydrogen acceptor in noncyclic pathways of ATP formation is A. NADP+. |
NADP+. |
|
The cyclic pathway of ATP formation functions mainly to A. fix CO2. |
make ATP. |
|
Which of the following would not be true of CAM plants? A. fix carbon twice |
fix carbon mostly during the day |
|
Glycolysis starts and ends in the _____. A. nucleus |
cytoplasm |
|
Which of the following metabolic pathways require(s) molecular oxygen (O2)? A. aerobic respiration |
aerobic respiration |
|
In eukaryotes, aerobic respiration is completed in the _____. A. nucleus |
mitochondrion |
|
In the third stage of aerobic respiration, _____ is the final acceptor of electrons A. water |
oxygen |
|
Your body cells can use _____ as an alternative energy source when glucose is in short supply. A. fatty acids |
all of these |
|
Which of these symptoms is NOT characteristic of Luft’s syndrome? A. excessive perspiration |
low number of mitrochondria |
|
When molecules are broken apart in respiration: A. The heat produced is used to drive biological reactions. |
The energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP. |
|
ATP A. can be produced by photosynthesis |
all of these |
|
How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis? A. 1 |
2 |
|
The Krebs cycle takes place in the A. ribosomes |
mitochondria |
|
The breakdown of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle results in the release of A. energy |
energy and carbon dioxide |
|
The first stable intermediate produced in the Krebs cycle is A. pyruvate |
citrate |
|
The last intermediate produced in the Krebs cycle is A. pyruvate |
oxaloacetate |
|
Which process is a transition from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle? A. acetyl CoA formation |
acetyl CoA formation |
|
When glucose is used as the energy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced is in A. glycolysis. |
electron transfer phosphorylation |
|
When O2 accepts electrons in aerobic respiration, it is converted to A. O3 |
H2O |
|
Yeast fermentation produces A. CO2 |
ethanol and CO2 |
|
Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells produce A. ethyl alcohol |
lactate |
|
____ twitch muscle fibers are used for prolonged activity and have ____ mitochondria. A. Fast; few |
Slow; many |
|
When proteins are used as energy sources, their breakdown subunits usually enter A. glycolysis |
the Krebs cycle |
|
Chromosome number _____. a. refers to a particular chromosome pair in a cell b. is an identifiable feature of a species c. is like a set of books d. all of these e. b and c |
b and c |
|
The basic unit that structurally organizes a eukaryotic a. higher-order coiling b. double helix c. base sequence d. nucleosome |
nucleosome |
|
What are the base-pairing rules for DNA? a. A-G, T-C b. A-C, T-G c. A-U, C-G d. A-T, G-C |
A-T, G-C |
|
_____ is an example of reproductive cloning. a. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) b. Multiple offspring from the same pregnancy c. Artificial embryo splitting d. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and Artificial embryo splitting e. All of these |
Artificial embryo splitting |
|
Genetically identical organisms result from _____. a. SCNT b. embryo splitting c. therapeutic cloning d. all of these |
all of these |
|
After chromosomes are duplicated, each of the new copies is called a _____. a. centromere b. sister chromatid c. sister chromosome d. clone e. nucleosome |
sister chromatid |
|
A human karyotype showing 22 pairs of autosomes and two X chromosomes would be a. a normal male. b. a normal female. c. an abnormal male. d. an abnormal female. e. none of these |
a normal female. |
|
The significance of Fred Griffith’s experiment in which he used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae is that a. the semiconservative nature of DNA replication was finally demonstrated. b. it demonstrated that harmless cells had become permanently transformed through a change in the bacterial hereditary system. c. it established that pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains. d. it demonstrated that radioactively labeled bacteriophages transfer their DNA but not their protein coats to their host bacteria. e. all of these are true. |
it demonstrated that harmless cells had become permanently transformed through a change in the bacterial hereditary system. |
|
Bacteriophages are a. large bacteria. b. pathogens (disease-producing bacteria). c. viruses. d. cellular components |
viruses. |
|
What was the significance of the Hershey-Chase experiments in which 32P and 35S were used? a. The semiconservative nature of DNA replication was finally demonstrated. b. They demonstrated that harmless bacterial cells had become permanently transformed through a change in the bacterial hereditary system. c. They established that pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains. d. They demonstrated that radioactively labeled bacteriophages transfer their DNA but not their protein coats to their host bacteria. e. All of these |
They demonstrated that radioactively labeled bacteriophages transfer their DNA but not their protein coats to their host bacteria. |
|
Chargaff’s first rule states that a. A=T and C=G. b. the DNA molecule is helical. c. the DNA molecule contains deoxyribose. d. the proportion of adenine and guanine differs between different species. e. DNA exhibits a repeating pattern every 0.34 nm. |
A=T and C=G. |
|
From X-ray diffraction data, which of the following was determined about DNA? a. The molecule had uniform diameter. b. The molecule was long and narrow. c. Part of the molecule repeated itself often. d. The shape of the molecule could be spiral. e. All of these |
All of these. |
|
Rosalind Franklin’s research contribution was essential in a. establishing the double-stranded nature of DNA. b. establishing the principle of base pairing. c. establishing most of the principal structural features of DNA. d. sequencing DNA molecules. |
establishing most of the principal structural features of DNA. |
|
James Watson and Francis Crick a. established the double-stranded nature of DNA. b. established the principle of base pairing. c. explained how DNA’s structure permitted it to be replicated. d. proposed the concept of the double-helix. e. did all of these things. |
did all of these things. |
|
The best adjective to describe DNA replication is a. nondisruptive. b. semiconservative. c. progressive. d. conservative. e. lytic. |
semiconservative. |
|
Replication of DNA a. produces RNA molecules. b. produces only new DNA. c. produces two molecules, each of which is half new and half old DNA joined lengthwise to each other. d. generates excessive DNA, which eventually causes the nucleus to divide. e. is too complex to characterize. |
produces two molecules, each of which is half new and half old DNA joined lengthwise to each other. |
|
DNA polymerase a. is an enzyme. b. adds new nucleotides to a strand. c. proofreads DNA strands to see that they are correct. d. makes rare mistakes resulting in mutation. e. is all of these. |
is all of these. |
|
DNA ligase a. joins together fragments of DNA. b. replaces mispaired bases. c. initiates DNA replication. d. forms new DNA polymers. e. is all of these. |
joins together fragments of DNA. |
|
Somatic cell nuclear transfer currently involves all of the following choices except a. a nucleus from an adult body cell. b. reprogramming of a body cell to produce an embryo. c. a surrogate mother. d. harvesting of stem cells from the embryo. e. human reproduction. |
human reproduction. |
|
DNA replication requires _____. a. template DNA b. free nucleotides c. DNA polymerase d. all of the above |
all of the above |
|
A binding site for RNA polymerase is called a _____. a. gene b. promoter c. codon d. protein |
promoter |
|
RNAs form by _____; proteins form by _____. a. replication; translation b. translation; transcription c. transcription; translation d. replication; transcription |
transcription; translation |
|
Most codons specify a(n) _____. a. protein b. polypeptide c. amino acid d. mRNA |
amino acid |
|
_____ are removed from new mRNA transcripts. a. Introns b. Exons c. Telomeres d. Amino acids |
Introns |
|
Where does transcription take place in a typical eukaryotic cell? a. the nucleus b. ribosomes c. the cytoplasm d. ribosomes and the cytoplasm |
the nucleus |
|
Where does translation take place in a typical eukaryotic cell? a. the nucleus b. ribosomes c. the cytoplasm d. ribosomes and the cytoplasm |
ribosomes and the cytoplasm |
|
Each amino acid is specified by a set of _____ bases in an mRNA transcript. a. 3 b. 20 c. 64 d. 120 |
3 |
|
_____ different codons constitute the genetic code. a. 3 b. 20 c. 64 d. 120 |
64 |
|
_____ can cause mutations. a. Replication errors b. Transposons c. Ionizing radiation d. Non ionizing radiation e. Transposons and ionizing radiation f. all of these |
all of these |
|
The poison ricin inactivates which of the following cellular organelles? a. mitochondria b. ribosomes c. smooth ER d. Golgi bodies e. all of these |
ribosomes |
|
What is the form of RNA that carries the code from the DNA to the site where the protein is assembled? a. messenger RNA b. nuclear RNA c. ribosomal RNA d. transfer RNA e. structural RNA |
messenger RNA |
|
Transfer RNA differs from other types of RNA because it a. transfers genetic instructions from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm. b. specifies the amino acid sequence of a particular protein. c. carries an amino acid at one end. d. contains codons. e. does none of these. |
carries an amino acid at one end. |
|
The nitrogenous base found in DNA but not in RNA is a. adenine. b. cytosine. c. guanine. d. uracil. e. thymine. |
thymine. |
|
The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template strand is called a. replication. b. translation. c. transcription. d. DNA synthesis. e. metabolism. |
transcription. |
|
The relationship between RNA and the DNA that served as the template is a. antagonistic. b. opposite. c. complementary. d. an exact duplicate. e. unrelated. |
complementary. |
|
The genetic code is made up of units consisting of how many nucleotides? a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 6 e. 12 |
3 |
|
The first step in translation is called a. elongation. b. initiation. c. replication. d. termination. e. translocation. |
initiation. |
|
The first amino acid in most proteins is a. alanine. b. isoleucine. c. leucine. d. methinonine |
methinonine |
|
Which of the following can cause mutations? a. ionizing radiation b. nonionizing radiation c. chemicals that alter bases d. both ionizing and nonionizing radiation e. ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation and chemicals that alter bases |
ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation and chemicals that alter bases |
|
Sickle cell anemia has been traced to what type of mutation? a. frameshift b. transposable element c. deletion d. addition e. base substitution |
base substitution |
|
Which of the following statements about cancer is false? A. Cancer begins with a mutation in a gene that regulates cell division. |
Men cannot get breast cancer. |
|
The process by which cells become specialized is called A. differentiation. |
differentiation. |
|
Approximately what percentage of a cell’s genes is being used at any one time? A. 1 to 2 percent |
5 to 10 percent |
|
Regions of newly replicated DNA can be shut down by chemical modification known as A. promotion. |
methylation. |
|
Regulatory proteins can exert their effects A. before transcription. |
all of these. |
|
When ____ binds to ____ genes, transcription speeds up. A. activators; enhancer |
activators; promoter |
|
Which of the following are transcription factors? A. activators |
activators and repressors |
|
Expression of a microRNA complementary in sequence to a gene _____ that gene. A. blocks transcription of |
inhibits expression of |
|
Homeotic genes code for A. enzymes. |
transcription factors. |
|
Experiments that utilize the deletion of a gene are referred to as ____ experiments. A. ablation |
knockout |
|
Genes located in different regions of the body during embryonic development may be A. turned on and off. |
all of these. |
|
If the PAX6 gene from a human is inserted into an eyeless mutant fly, what would happen? A. nothing; human genes cannot be expressed in other species |
the fly will grow normal compound fly eyes in the normal location |
|
A mammalian female A. usually has one Barr body. |
usually has one Barr body and is a mosaic for the active X chromosome in her cells |
|
In flowering plants, petals form when ____ genes are turned on. A. only A |
D. both A and B |
|
When only C genes are turned on in flowering plants, ____ form. A. sepals |
carpels |
|
When the XIST gene is transcribed, all of the following events will occur except A. the gene’s product is a large RNA molecule. |
the XIST gene on both X chromosomes is transcribed . |
|
In prokaryotes, most of the control of gene expression is at the ____ level. A. transcriptional |
transcript processing |
|
During the early part of a young mammal’s life, the E. coli in the young offspring’s intestinal tract are exposed to high levels of which of the following, which later generations of E. coli will never be exposed to? A. glucose |
lactose |
|
A repressor protein binds with A. messenger RNA. |
the operator. |
|
The region to which RNA polymerase binds is called A. the heterogeneous nuclear DNA. |
the promoter sequence. |
Share This
Flashcard
