Ch 3 Psyc

The average North American newborn measures ____inches in length.

20

A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____

28

The average North American newborn weighs

7

The average newborn triples his weight by:

1 year.

Children reach half their adult height by the age

2

Clara’s weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that_____percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does and________percent of all babies her age weigh more than she does.

30;70

Jordan’s weight is in the 50th percentile. This means that:

50 percent of children his age weigh less than he does.

A_________is a ranking between 0 and 100 that compares children of the same age in order to determine whether a particular baby is growing well.

percentile

Alma brought her six-month-old son to the doctor for a well-baby visit. The doctor says that her son’s
weight is in the 20th percentile. What does this definitely mean?

He is small compared to other 6 month olds.

Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is:

above average in height.

The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth.
This protective feature is known as:

head-sparing.

A newborn’s brain weight is ________an adult’s brain weight.

25 percent of

Brain cells are called:

neurons

A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n):

neuron.

At birth, the human brain has:

trillions of neurons

The areas at the very front of the cortex

assist with self-control

The outer layers of the brain are referred to as:

the cortex.

The last part of the brain to mature is the:

prefrontal cortex.

Which statement describes the brain’s cortex?

It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing

The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses is the ________cortex

prefrontal

Neurons in the brain meet at "intersections" called:

synapses

Synapses are:

intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron.

The function of neurotransmitters is to:

carry information from one neuron to another.

Dendrite growth is the main reason that brain weight_________from birth to the age of two.

triples

Brain weight triples in size during first two years of life primarily because of the growth of:

dendrites

The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent.
Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid brain growth is called:

transient exuberance.

Transient exuberance is the:

rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life.

The process through which unused and misconnected dendrites atrophy and die is called

pruning.

Pruning is the process by which:

unused connections between neurons are eliminated.

From birth until age two, dendrites in the cortex increase:

fivefold

According to research, increased brainpower is most likely due to:

synaptic pruning.

A life-threatening condition that occurs when infants are shaken back and forth sharply and quickly is called:

shaken baby syndrome.

An abusive caregiver shakes an infant to get her to stop crying. The infant stops crying. Why?

Blood vessels in her brain rupture and neural connections break

Dominique was an infant with very few toys, but she concocted things to play with out of what was
available in her home in order to develop her brain. This is an example of:

self-righting.

An infant’s inborn drive to remedy deficits is called:

self-righting.

Trent is an infant who lacks the toys and videos that promote brain development. He spends much of
his day in a playpen with kitchen items for toys, listening to his grandmother sing while his mother works outside the home. In this situation, Trent’s brain development will most likely:

proceed normally due to the self-righting tendency.

The part of the brain that seems to be devoted to perceiving faces is the:

fusiform face area.

Children as young as ________old exhibit signs of the own-race effect.

3 months

Research found that three year olds ______were better at recognizing differences in newborn faces

with younger siblings

Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend asleep?

15 to 17

The dozing, half-awake state often seen in newborns is called:
a. REM sleep.

transitional sleep.

Slow-wave sleep

increases significantly at about three or four months of age.

The signs of REM sleep include flickering of the infant’s:

closed eyes and rapid brain waves.

Co-sleeping may be harmful to the baby if the mother:

is drugged or drunk.

Twelve-month-old Emily has slept in her parents’ bed since she was born. This custom is called:

co-sleeping.

In addition to cultural influences, what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co- sleep with their infant?

Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.

The process that first detects an external stimulus is:

sensation.

Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a(n)______has occurred.

sensation

Umar is a newborn is lying awake in his crib. Someone across the room speaks. What is his likely
reaction?

Umar will turn his head in the direction of the voice no matter whose voice it is.

You see a beautiful yellow flower while walking through a meadow. Your eyes seeing the flower is a matter of_____.Your brain determining that the flower is yellow is a matter of________.Imagining how the the flower will look in a vase would demonstrate_______.

sensation; perception; cognition

The mental processing of sensory information is called:

perception

Thinking about something that has been perceived is:

cognition

At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute?

at birth

In terms of visual acuity, newborns:

are legally blind.

The sense that is the least developed at birth is an infant’s:

vision

The neonate’s vision:

is clearest when objects are four to 30 inches away.

By three months of age, babies look closely at the eyes and mouth when studying faces. This change in focus is due to:

improvements in visual scanning ability.

. Binocular vision refers to the ability to:

focus on an object with both eyes.

Binocular vision appears between_______months of age.

2 and 4

Due to smell recognition, babies prefer to sleep:

nuzzled into their caregiver’s chest.

Newborns’ sense of touch allows them to:

be soothed by their caregiver.

The learned ability to move and control some parts of the body is referred to as:

motor skill.

Gross motor skills are:

large movements.

Fine motor skills are:

small movements.

Large movements that coordinate many parts of the body are known as_________motor skills.

gross

Small movements made by fingers and toes are known as________motor skills

fine

Most infants are able to inch forward on their bellies by the age of____months.

5

On average, children begin to walk independently at approximately ______of age.

1 year

Between_______months of age, most infants can lift their midsections and crawl on "all fours."

8 and 10.

Renee is concerned because her son is 13 months old and is starting to walk before learning to crawl. What advice would a pediatrician give to Renee?

. She should not be worried since some babies do not crawl.

By________months of age, babies can usually sit up unsupported.

6

What three factors contribute to the ability to walk?

muscle strength, brain maturation, practice

Aran’s mother has been helping him to walk by holding his hands and supporting him. Aran’s legs are strong enough to hold him up, and he’s able to move his legs in a coordinated way as long as his
mother supports him. What else does Aran need in order to walk on his own?

practice

When they practice walking, babies average between_______steps per hour

500 and 1500

Fine motor skills are those that

require small body movements.

Behaviors that involve small body movements are known as_________motor skills.

fine

Ann-Marie started walking when she was 10 months old; Cynthia is just beginning to take steps by
herself at 13 months. Which conclusion is MOST likely true?

Both girls are developing normally.

On average, which skill does an infant develop last?

standing alone without holding on

On average, which skill does an infant develop first?

walking alone

Baby Sam can grab objects, but sometimes he closes his hand too early or too late. Sam is probably around_______months old.

4

Most babies learn to grasp and hold onto objects by about________

6

Newborns perceive important experiences like breastfeeding:

with dynamic sensory-motor systems

At least________billion children were born between the years 1950 and 2010.

10

Between 1950 and 2010, more than _______ children died before age 5.

5 million

What is one effect of lower infant mortality rates?

Mother have fewer babies.

Clean water, immunizations, and nutritious food have all had a dramatic impact on:

infant and child mortality.

When the immune system is primed to resist a particular disease, the process is called:

immunization

For which illness is an immunization NOT available?

malaria

The most lethal disease for all children in past centuries was:
a. polio.

smallpox

When children are immunized, they contribute to the protection of others. This is referred to as:

herd immunity

A hypothesis that has been repeatedly disproved is that the MMR vaccine cause:

autism

_________is the thick, high-calorie fluid that is secreted by a new mother’s breasts in the days

immediately following birth.

Colostrum

Breast milk:

provides antibodies to fight diseases.

Why are breast-fed babies less likely to contract infectious diseases than bottle-fed babies?

Breast milk contains antibodies to all the diseases for which the mom has antibodies

Studies comparing breast-feeding to bottle-feeding show that:

breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomachaches

In the US_____percent of babies are breast-fed at birth, and_____percent are breast-fed
at six months.

75;44

Shirley returned to full-time employment six weeks after her baby’s birth. She exclusively breast-fed during her maternity leave, and then pumped her breast milk when she returned to work. Now her baby is three months old and drinks some formula when at daycare. Shirley wants to stop breast-feeding. If you were a pediatric nurse, what would you say to her?

She should keep breast-feeding as long as possible since breast-fed babies are less likely to get sick.

A child who is too short for his or her age due to severe malnutrition is suffering from a condition called

stunting

When a child is more than two standard deviations underweight for his or her age, the child is
suffering from a condition called

wasting.

Hasan is 2 years old and does not have enough food. As a result, he has unusual swelling in his face
and abdomen, and thin, colorless hair. Hasan is suffering from:

kwashiorkor

Lyrissa lives in Africa. She is 9 months old and does not weigh enough due to malnutrition. Her life
is in danger. Lyrissa suffers from:

marasmus.

Piaget called an infant’s first period of cognitive development:

sensorimotor intelligence.

During the sensorimotor stage, the child’s main task is to:

use senses and motor skills to understand the world.

Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at:

birth

. In Piaget’s terminology, sensorimotor stage one is described as:

the stage of reflexes.

. In Piaget’s terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described as:

first acquired adaptations.

. In which of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages do infants become aware of things and respond to people
and objects?

stage three

"Do you want to play patty-cake?" Sofia asks her infant daughter. The baby responds by clapping her hands. In which stage of sensorimotor development is Sofia’s baby?

stage three

In which of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more deliberate in
responding to people and objects?

stage four

Adriana and her mother have been playing patty-cake, but mother is now trying to engage Adriana
in a picture book. Adriana wants to play patty-cake again, so she grabs mother’s hands and puts them together as if in a clap. Adriana is clearly in which stage of sensorimotor development?

stage four

The first of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages that involves an infant’s interaction with something else is:

stage three.

The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as:

deliberate.

An example of stage-three sensorimotor behavior is

looking for a smile and smiling back.

Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of:

new adaptation and anticipation.

Baby Hugh enjoys playing with his dad’s keys, but when his dad takes them away, Hugh does not
search for them. Piaget would say that is because Hugh does not understand:

object permanence.

__________is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.

Object permanence

Object permanence is demonstrated by an infant who:

searches for a toy that has fallen from sight.

Piaget referred to toddlers in sensorimotor stage five as:

little scientists.

According to Piaget, a stage-five sensorimotor baby is like a:

scientist who experiments to see what will happen.

Tia is fascinated with the toilet. So far, her parents have caught trying to flush a stuffed animal, a
toy cell phone, and a handful of dog kibble. Which sensorimotor stage is Tia MOST likely in?

stage 5

Piaget’s sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence is known as the stage of:

mental combinations.

Research indicates that infants reach the stages of Piaget’s sensorimotor intelligence_________Piaget originially predicted.

earlier than

In one research study, scientists scanned the brains of both a monkey reaching for a banana and another monkey watching that action. The same neurons in a particular region of the brain were activated in both monkeys. These neurons are called ________neurons.

mirror

Which theory compares human thought to the workings of a computer?

information-processing theory

New research on infant long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the researchers:

use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminders.

Newborns prefer:

their mother’s language more than any other language.

The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is:

reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words.

Becky is a four-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or phrases,
and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother’s use of:

child-directed speech

Elaine communicates with her new baby using child-directed speech, which is also referred to as:

motherese.

The distinct language form known as "baby talk" is a:

simplified language that adults use when talking to babies.

Research has found that child-directed speech is:

spoken in a high pitch with simple vocabulary and short sentences.

Infants’ repetition of certain syllables at the age of about six or seven months is called:

babbling

Britta has begun repeating syllables such as "da-da-da-da" and "me-me-me-me-me." Britta is in the________stage of language developement

babbling

On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around________months of age.

12

Geoff has begun uttering one-word holophrases (e.g. "Dada!"). About how old is Geoff likely to be?

1 year old

The term holophrase is used to denote

the infant’s use of one word to express a whole thought.

James uses the word "more" to mean "I want another cookie." In this case, "more" is a(n):

holophrase.

After a child’s vocabulary has reached about 50 expressed words, vocabulary will increase by approximately_____words per month.

50 to 100

As infants acquire language, they say more_______than any other parts of speech.

nouns

Bae is a Korean toddler; his cousin Troy is a Korean-American toddler. Bae is learning to speak
Korean, while Troy is learning to speak English. What will be the most noticeable difference in Bae’s and
Troy’s use of language?

Bae will use more verbs than Troy does.

At approximately what age will a child begin to utter his or her first two-word sentences?

21 months

Abed is an average toddler. His parents can expect him to utter his first multiword sentence around:

21 months.

The use of prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech is known as:

grammar.

Javier’s mother is a native Spanish speaker, and his father is a native English speaker. He hears both
languages equally often and is addressed in Spanish by his mother and in English by his father. If Javier is a typical toddler, how will his language skills be affected by this early experience?

His mastery of both languages will proceed normally, with proper grammar in both.

___________believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention.

B. F. Skinner

. By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B. F. Skinner would have attributed
Alan’s rapid speech development mainly to:

the amount his parents talk to him.

According to the sociocultural perspective, what is the focus of early communication for infants
younger than 12 months?

emotion

Which statement supports the sociocultural perspective of language learning?

Toddlers learn new words best when they are taught in person.

When does it first become obvious that a person has discerned the rules of his or her native language?

when the person starts using two-word sentences

According to Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition:

children have an inborn ability to learn language.

The language acquisition device (LAD) was proposed by Chomsky to explain:

children’s ability to derive the rules of grammar quickly and effectively.

The statement, "Multiple attentional, social, and linguistic cues contribute to early language learning" supports the______theory of language learning.

hybrid

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