|
Which leukocytes are sometimes referred to as "housekeeping" phagocytes because of their role in clearing (cleaning up) cell debris? |
Macrophages |
|
What is the most important reason you should not try draining an abscess by pressing on it? |
may spread infection to a deeper tissue |
|
Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells? histamine |
histamine **Histamine is one of the products produced by mast cells to moderate inflammation. It is also released by basophils, which are similar to mast cells but reside in the blood. |
|
When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors? during diapedesis |
during leukocytosis **During leukocytosis, neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors from damaged cells. Chemotaxis does involve neutrophils but not in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors. |
|
What characterizes the chemotaxis phase of phagocyte mobilization? Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury. |
neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury **Phagocytes move up concentration gradients of attractive chemicals (chemotactic agents) released from damaged tissue and inflammatory cells. This is not an example of chemotaxis. |
|
What characterizes the diapedesis phase of phagocyte mobilization? Neutrophils flatten to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls. |
Neutrophils flatten to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls **The flattening of neutrophils and subsequent movement through the vessel wall is in response to cell adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. Chemotaxis does involve neutrophils but is not part of the diapedesis phase of phagocyte mobilization. |
|
What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?
interferon |
interferon **Interferon is a small protein that can stimulate nearby healthy cells to defend themselves against viral infection. Complement refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins. Activated complement unleashes inflammatory chemicals that amplify the inflammatory process and lyses and kills certain bacteria. |
|
Which type of chemical induces fever? complement |
pyrogens **Pyrogens induce a change in the body’s set point for temperature regulation. Antibodies are used to detect antigens on cell surfaces. |
|
Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways? macrophages |
mast cells **Mast cells have granules that contain histamines. |
|
Discharge is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. True |
false **Redness, pain, heat, and swelling are the cardinal signs of inflammation. |
|
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation? T cell activation |
opsonization **Complement proteins stimulate inflammation, serve as opsonins to aid in the phagocytosis of targeted antigens, and facilitate cytolysis. Fever is not an effect of complement activation. Fever is activated by chemicals called pyrogens. |
|
Which antimicrobial protein triggers inflammation? interferon |
histamine **Histamine is a potent inflammatory chemical released by mast cells. Pyrogens are chemicals released by leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substances in the body. The chemicals act on neurons in the hypothalamus, which raise the body’s temperature above normal and cause fever. |
|
Haptens have immunogenicity but not reactivity. True |
false **Haptens have reactivity but not immunogenicity. |
|
Which of the areas seen the figure must be occupied by T lymphocytes, at least for a while, but is NOT required for the production of B lymphocytes? the thymus |
the thymus **The thymus and the hormone thymosin are required for the maturation of T lymphocytes. |
|
How does a lymphocyte exhibit immunocompetence? by being relatively unresponsive to self-antigens so that they do not attack the body’s own cells |
by being able to recognize their one specific antigen **All lymphocytes must be able to recognize their own antigen in order to be effective. This ability is called immunocompetence. |
|
Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs immediately after |
activation **Activation after the binding of an antigen leads to proliferation and differentiation. Lymphocytes do not begin to proliferate immediately after their release from the bone marrow. |
|
Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition? NK cells |
plasma **Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that engulf antigens and then present fragments of them to their own surfaces, where T cells can recognize them. Plasma cells do not engulf cells by phagocytosis. They produce antibodies to specific antigens. |
|
The antivenom used to treat venomous snake bites is an antibody produced in an animal such as a horse. Suppose these antibodies are injected into a patient who has been bitten by a venomous snake–how would you classify the resulting humoral immunity? passive immunity, artificially acquired |
passive immunity, artificially acquired **The immunity to venom (usually short lived–the protection ends once the antibodies are naturally degraded by the body) is passive because the patient did not produce the antibodies, and it is artificially acquired since it was injected during a medical process. |
|
Which of the following should produce naturally acquired, active immunity? injections of antibody produced by a goat |
recovering from the chicken pox **Exposure to an antigen provides naturally acquired active immunity. |
|
Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity? antibodies received in breast milk |
vaccines **Vaccines induce the patient to produce antibodies, so the resulting immunity is active, but it is artificially acquired since it was injected during a medical process. |
|
What part of the antibody’s structure determines its class? constant (C) region |
constant (C) region **The constant region, which includes parts of each heavy and light chain, is identical to other molecules in its class but differ between classes. |
|
How many sites on this antibody molecule have potential to bind to a non-self molecule? 1 |
2 **Each antigen-binding site has potential to attach to a non-self molecule. |
|
In certain classes of antibody, the monomeric versions join to form dimers. What portions of the molecules adhere to each other to form these dimers? the stem regions |
the stem regions **The stem region of one monomer will bond to the stem region of another that is turned at a 180 degree angle. |
|
Which of the following occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins? agglutination |
neutralization **The binding of antibody can neutralize the action of viral binding, bacterial toxin release, and other harmful activities of antigen-bearing agents. |
|
What class of antibody acts to clump red blood cells because of a transfusion of mismatched blood? immunoglobulin A (IgA) |
immunoglobulin M (igM) **IgM is the only antibody that forms a pentamer; it is found in circulating plasma. It is responsible for the negative reaction to an incompatible ABO blood type during a transfusion. |
|
Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis? agglutination |
complement fixation and activation **Complement has the potential to bind antigen by itself (alternative pathway), but it may require an antibody to bind to the antigen first (classical pathway). |
|
Which of the following are properly matched? |
IgG: most abundant antibody **IgG is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma. Additionally, IgG is the only class of antibodies that normally crosses the placenta to protect the baby in utero. |
|
Vaccines provide what type of immunity? |
artificial active **Artificial immunity is achieved by man-made mechanisms (i.e., immunization). Artificial active immunity is a situation in which the individual made the antibodies after being immunized with an attenuated or dead pathogen. |
|
Which nonspecific defense triggers antibody production? |
phagocytosis **Pathogens or cell debris are engulfed by phagocytes. These pathogens are processed and presented to B cells, which can produce antibodies against specific pathogens. |
|
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response? |
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material. The adaptive immune response does not occur immediately upon the body’s exposure to foreign material. It takes time for the body to mount an adaptive immune response and particularly longer upon a first exposure to the foreign material. |
|
Activated CD8 cells become __________. |
cytotoxic T cells Activated CD8 cells become cytotoxic T cells. |
|
first line of defense: |
intact skin and mucous membranes |
|
second line of defense: |
inflammatory response |
|
third line of defense: |
immune response |
|
innate defense system: |
inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes |
|
adaptive defense system: |
immune response |
|
Inflammation ________. |
brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection |
|
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? |
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue |
|
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. |
vasodilation |
|
Which of the following is not a role of activated complement? |
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
|
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. |
opsonization |
|
Innate immune system defenses include ________. |
phagocytosis |
|
Fever ________. |
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body’s thermostat to a higher setting |
|
Natural killer (NK) cells ________. |
can kill cancer cell before the immune system is activated |
|
Dendritic cells and macrophages kill by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis. |
True |
|
The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens. |
True |
|
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. |
True |
|
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? |
reactivity with an antibody |
|
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. |
bone marrow |
|
First to peak during a primary immune response: |
IgM |
|
Involved in allergies: |
IgE |
|
Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor: |
IgD |
|
Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response: |
IgG |
|
Protects mucosal barriers |
IgA |
|
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? |
antigen |
|
Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell? |
IgD |
|
Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinates. |
False |
|
What types of antigen do T cells NOT recognize? |
self-antigens **T cells do not recognize self-antigens. |
Share This
Flashcard
