Ch 13- Middle Childhood, Psychosocial Development

1. Between ages 6 and 11, children show psychosocial maturation by their ability to:
a. tell time and have set times for activities.
b. complete more homework assignments.
c. take care of pets.
d. All of these abilities are signs of psychosocial maturation.

d. All of these abilities are signs of psychosocial maturation.

. According to Erikson, if 8-year-old Kristina does NOT solve her psychosocial conflict of stage four, she will come to view herself as:
a. self-regulating.
b. inferior.
c. industrious.
d. competent.

inferior

3. Freud referred to middle childhood as the period of:
a. crisis.
b. industry.
c. inferiority.
d. latency.

d. latency.

4. Ideally, social comparison helps children to:
a. develop stronger relationships with their parents.
b. harbor their imaginary self-evaluation.
c. value their own abilities.
d. become jealous and resentful of others.

c. value their own abilities.

5. Daily hassles:
a. have no cumulative effect on coping.
b. can have a cumulative effect on children.
c. affect adults but not children.
d. strengthen coping ability.

b. can have a cumulative effect on children.

6. A Hawaiian longitudinal study found that the resilience of poverty-stricken children whose parents were mentally unstable was dependent on:
a. an easygoing temperament.
b. high IQ.
c. realistic goal orientation, persistence, and learned creativity.
d. All of these answers are correct.

d. All of these answers are correct.

7. According to your text, the most important overall family function is to provide:
a. exposure to religious functions.
b. love and encouragement.
c. a two-parent support system for siblings.
d. All of these answers are equally important.

b. love and encouragement.

8. A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children younger than age 18 is referred to as a:
a. nuclear family.
b. extended family.
c. blended family.
d. polygamous family.

a. nuclear family.

9. According to your text, 67 percent of all human families with children aged 6-11:
a. have two parents.
b. have one parent.
c. are chronically poor.
d. are harmonious and stable.

a. have two parents.

10. A family in which both parents have offspring from earlier relationships is called a(n) ____________ family.
a. blended
c. polygamous
c. extended
d. single-parent

a. blended

11. Family income can have a positive or negative effect on the function and structure of the family, but what is important is:
a. how happy the children are.
b. whether or not the income increases stress on the family.
c. whether or not there is adequate food, clothing, and shelter.
d. whether the family is a nuclear or a blended family.

b. whether or not the income increases stress on the family.

12. The difference in the psychosocial development of young children as compared to that of middle-school children is that:
a. young children are able to make friends much more easily than middle-school children are.
b. middle-school children allow their egocentrism to affect their friendships.
c. middle-school children are not aware of other children’s acceptance or rejection of them.
d. young children’s egocentrism makes them less affected by other children’s acceptance or rejection of them.

d. young children’s egocentrism makes them less affected by other children’s acceptance or rejection of them.

13. A characteristic of the culture of children is that:
a. they may spout curses, accents, and slang.
b. attitudes toward parents improve.
c. children tend to make higher grades in school.
d. ethnic and racial prejudices are prevalent.

a. they may spout curses, accents, and slang.

14. ___________ cognition, which gives children the ability to observe and use logic, propels them to think about morality.
a. Conventional
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Sensory

c. Concrete operational

15. One study found that ____ percent of a group of children believed that no child should be excluded from joining a club or team because of gender or race.
a. 17
b. 48
c. 63
d. 98

d. 98

1. During Erikson’s crisis of industry versus inferiority, children:

d. attempt to master many skills.

2. Identify the typical child in Erikson’s fourth stage, the crisis of industry versus inferiority:
a. Jill avoids learning new skills.
b. Marisol can’t wait to begin her first karate class.
c. John has difficulty making friends.
d. Gustavo is struggling with his identity.

b. Marisol can’t wait to begin her first karate class.

3. During the ______, Freud believed that children’s emotional drives and psychosocial needs are quiet.
a. latency stage
b. phallic stage
c. genital stage
d. industry stage

a. latency stage

4. Toward the end of middle childhood, ________ becomes more fragile.
a. self-criticism
b. self-esteem
c. self-consciousness
d. self-regulation

b. self-esteem

6. Recent research on shared and nonshared environmental factors and their influence on children’s developing temperaments has found that:
a. genetic factors are the primary influence, regardless of environmental factors.
b. parents’ attitudes have a direct effect on children’s behavior.
c. the shared environmental factors are as influential as the nonshared environmental factors are.
d. the evidence is inconclusive, and more research needs to be conducted.

b. parents’ attitudes have a direct effect on children’s behavior.

7. Family structure refers to:
a. legal and genetic relationships of family members.
b. the way a family works to meet the needs of its members.
c. how well a family raises its children.
d. the measurement of family harmony.

va. legal and genetic relationships of family members.

8. According to your text, two factors that significantly interfere with family function in every nation are:
a. homosexuality and divorce.
b. cohabitation and low income.
c. low income and high conflict.
d. financial stress and lack of marital commitment.

c. low income and high conflict.

9. Children who move and change neighborhoods in middle childhood:
a. suffer academically and emotionally.
b. find it easy to adjust.
c. enjoy new friends.
d. do better in school.

a. suffer academically and emotionally.

10. The term "culture of children" refers to:
a. the particular habits and styles that have been passed down from parents.
b. the particular habits and styles that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society.
c. the teaching process of avoiding restrictions imposed by adults.
d. parental behaviors that allow children to form their own culture.

b. the particular habits and styles that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society.

11. As friendships change during the school years, children are most likely to:
a. demand more of their friends.
b. realize that friendships are not important.
c. change friends more often.
d. find it easier to make friends.

: a. demand more of their friends

12. Rita, who is unpopular among her peers, frequently ridicules and antagonizes other children. Her behavior suggests that she is a(n):
a. aggressive-rejected child.
b. withdrawn-rejected child.
c. neglected child.
d. aggressive-withdrawn child.

a. aggressive-rejected child.

13. The theorist associated with the six stages of moral reasoning is:
a. Piaget.
b. Kohlberg.
c. Erikson.
d. Freud.

b. Kohlberg.

14. According to Kohlberg, the crucial factor in determining what stage of moral reasoning a person is using is:
a. his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma.
b. the reasons for his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma.
c. emotional intelligence.
d. intellectual maturity.

b. the reasons for his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma.

15. The type of moral reasoning that focuses on moral principles is called:
a. preconventional.
b. conventional.
c. postconventional.
d. universal.

b. conventional.