BISC 002 Chap 10

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ______ monomers

Nucleotide

The backbone of DNA consists of ______.

a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

The DNA double helix is ______.

made up of two polynucleotide strands

RNA contains the nitrogenous base ______ instead of ______, which is only found in DNA.

uracil . . . thymine

If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine

30%

In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______.

thymine . . . cytosine

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand?

CAGGTA

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

Watson and Crick

Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______.

X-ray crystallography studies

What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands?

Hydrogen

After replication, ______.

each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

During replication, ______ are the enzymes responsible for joining the nucleotides of a new DNA strand together.

DNA polymerases

The modern phrasing of Beadle and Tatum’s hypothesis about relationships between genes and their products is "one gene-one ______."

Polypeptide

What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism?

Phenotype

How many amino acids are common to all living systems?

20

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

three

The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ______.

all life shares a common ancestry

Transcription is the ______.

manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______.

single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis?

RNA polymerase

The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ______.

Promoter

The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______.

initiation, elongation, termination

The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ______.

the production of a longer RNA molecule

What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes?

a cap and tail

The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ______.

Exons

Translation converts the information stored in ______ to ______.

RNA . . . a polypeptide

The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ______ RNA

Messenger

The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon

AGU

Where is translation accomplished?

Ribosomes

What is the correct order of the stages of translation?

initiation, codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation, termination

Peptide bonds form between ______

amino acids

A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ______.

result in a shortened polypeptide chain

What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message?

One

What is the ultimate source of all diversity?

Mutation

Viruses that infect bacteria are ______.

Bacteriophages

How can bacteriophage DNA be spread from cell to cell without causing cell death?

via a lysogenic cycle

A(n) ______ is to bacteria as a ______ is to animal cells.

prophage . . . provirus

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) must use its own ______ to reproduce.

reverse transcriptase

Pic-The figure below shows the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell. The transfer of information from DNA into an RNA molecule is known as ______.

Transcription

Pic-Examine the genetic code table, shown below. The codon AGC codes for the amino acid ______

serine

Pic-Consider the following figure. It indicates that a single amino acid substitution ______

may alter a protein so that it no longer functions properly

While working with cultured mouse cells, a researcher unknowingly treated the cells with a mutagen that causes the deletion or insertion of individual nucleotides in DNA. Subsequently, she isolated and cultured a single cell from this group. She noticed that the progeny of this cell were not producing a certain protein and that this affected their survival
The mutation that resulted from her accident was probably ______.

one that changed the triplet grouping of the genetic message

The mutation would be most harmful to the cells if it resulted in ______.

a single nucleotide insertion near the start of the coding sequence

Plant viruses ______.

often use RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material