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Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA? -DNA polymerases |
DNA polymerases DNA polymerases build new strands of DNA by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time. |
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Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT? -The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces. -DNA ligase helps assemble the leading strand. -The lagging strand is one of the strands of parental DNA. -The lagging strand is built continuously. -The leading strand is one of the strands of parental DNA. |
The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces The leading and lagging strands are the new strands of DNA made during DNA replication. The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces. |
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During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA? G |
T During DNA replication, A binds with T. |
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The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is -DNA ligase. -DNA polymerase. -RNA. -the replication fork. -the leading strand |
DNA ligase DNA ligase seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand, turning it into a continuous strand. |
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Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE? -The two strands of parental DNA are separated during DNA replication. -DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand. -DNA polymerase builds a new strand by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time. -Because the two strands of parental DNA run in opposite directions, the new strands must be made in different ways. -The lagging strand is made of a series of pieces that must be joined together to make a continuous strand. |
DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand. You’re right! This statement is FALSE. DNA ligase seals the gaps between segments of DNA in the lagging strand. It does not add nucleotides to the lagging strand. |
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The influenza virus, a deadly infectious agent found around the world, is composed of _____ and _____. -DNA … RNA |
RNA….Protein The influenza virus contains RNA surrounded by a protein coat |
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What do DNA and RNA have in common? -Both contain deoxyribose. |
both are composed of nucleotides. Both molecules are polymers built from nucleotide monomers. |
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The DNA polynucleotide structure contains which one of the following? -peptide bonds |
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine A, G, C, and T are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA. |
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The most important aspect of Watson and Crick’s discovery of the structure of DNA was that it __________. -described a mechanism for formation of all biological molecules |
helped explain how cells divide to form identical daughter cells It explained a copying mechanism for our genetic material |
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One strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of another so that __________. -DNA can serve as a template for the synthesis of other polymers -there are two copies of each gene on a single DNA molecule -the helical shape of DNA is conserved -the progeny of each cellular replication gets the same genetic information |
the progeny of each cellular replication gets the same genetic information After the double-stranded DNA molecule splits into two strands, each serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand. |
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The backbone of DNA consists of ______. a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern paired nucleotides a repeating sugar-nucleotide-sugar-nucleotide pattern nitrogenous bases |
a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern |
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Thymine and cytosine differ from adenine and guanine in that thymine and cytosine are larger nitrogenous bases. thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are only found in RNA. thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are found in both DNA and RNA. thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures. |
thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures. |
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RNA contains the nitrogenous base ______ instead of ______, which is only found in DNA. uracil… guanine uracil… thymine thymine… uracil a deoxyribose sugar… a ribose sugar |
uracil….thymine |
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If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine? 30% |
30% |
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In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______. thymine… cytosine cytosine… thymine uracil… cytosine guanine… adenine |
thymine…cytosine |
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If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand? TGAACG |
CAGGTA |
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What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands? hydrogen |
hydrogen |
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After replication_____ each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands one new DNA double helix consists of two old strands and the other new DNA double helix consists of two new strands each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand each new DNA double helix consists of two old strands |
each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand |
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Which of the following events occurs during transcription? A cap is added to the RNA molecule. A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. Those segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. mRNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The message in mRNA is translated into a protein. |
A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. During transcription, RNA nucleotides line up with their complementary DNA partners, transcribing the information in DNA into RNA. |
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Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA? mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing. Segments of mRNA that code for protein are removed before translation. mRNA binds directly to amino acids during translation. mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the cytoplasm. mRNA includes a cap that consists of extra adenine nucleotides. |
mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing. mRNA undergoes RNA processing in the nucleus and then moves to the cytoplasm for translation. |
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The site of translation is ribosomes in the cell nucleus. ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm. the cell nucleus. the Golgi apparatus. the plasma membrane. |
ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm. Translation occurs at ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm. |
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Which one of the following does not play a role in translation? Anticodon |
DNA DNA contains the instructions for making proteins, but these instructions are transcribed to RNA before translation occurs. |
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Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing? Segments of RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected. Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap. Adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail. mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome. |
mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome. mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome at the beginning of translation. |
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Beadle and Tatum discovered that each mutant mold they observed lacked a specific enzyme. As a result, they concluded that __________. cells need specific enzymes to function mutations are changes in genetic information genes carry information for making proteins genes are made of DNA |
genes carry information for making proteins From their experiments with Neurospora crassa, they developed the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. |
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The information carried by a DNA molecule is in __________. the order of the nucleotides in the molecule its amino acid sequence the sugars and phosphates forming its backbone the total number of nucleotides it contains |
the order of the nucleotides in the molecule Genetic information resides in the order of the nucleotides on a DNA molecule. |
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Early geneticists wondered how only four nucleotides can specify the sequence of 20 amino acids in proteins. They hypothesized that there must be a code that linked the nucleotide sequence in a gene to the amino acid sequence in a protein. Each nucleotide code is called a codon. Today we know that there is a genetic code in which __________nucleotide(s) code(s) for each amino acid. 3 |
3 The number of possible 3-letter codes is 43 or 64. This is more than the number of amino acids. Thus, the code can be redundant. In some cases, there is more than one codon that codes for the same amino acid. |
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How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene into mRNA? RNA polymerase starts when the enzyme attaches to a certain nucleotide sequence called a promoter at the beginning of a gene. Transfer RNA acts to translate the message to RNA polymerase. The ribosome directs it to the correct portion of the DNA molecule. It starts at one end of the chromosome. |
RNA polymerase starts when the enzyme attaches to a certain nucleotide sequence called a promoter at the beginning of a gene. RNA polymerase binds to a gene’s promoter to initiate mRNA synthesis. |
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After an RNA molecule is transcribed from a eukaryotic gene, portions called _____ are removed and the remaining _____ are spliced together to produce an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence. promoters … terminators codons … anticodons caps … tails introns … exons |
inrons…exons Introns, intervening or noncoding sequences, are removed, and the exons, the expressed sequences, are spliced together. |
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The anticodon of an incoming _____ molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA _____ at the ribosome. ribosome … protein amino acid … structure tRNA … codon tRNA … phosphates |
tRNA … codon The codon-anticodon interaction positions an amino acid in the correct location in the growing polypeptide. |
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Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell? translation RNA processing, including adding a cap and a tail transcription DNA replication |
translation Translation takes place at ribosomes, which are found in the cytoplasm. |
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Which one of the following choices is true of tRNA? Each tRNA binds a specific amino acid. There are four types of tRNA. tRNAs carry special sequences known as codons. tRNAs are extremely small molecules. |
Each tRNA binds a specific amino acid. A tRNA with a particular codon will bind to a specific amino acid and transfer it to the ribosome for insertion into the new polypeptide. |
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Which of the following are the three phases of translation? addition of cap and tail, removal of exons, and RNA splicing initiation, elongation, and completion initiation, elongation, and termination activation, chain growth, and completion |
initiation, elongation, and termination These terms apply to both transcription and translation. |
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The flow of information in a cell proceeds __________. from RNA to DNA to protein from DNA to RNA to protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus from the environment to DNA |
from DNA to RNA to protein Transcription precedes translation.a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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A mutation is __________. a mistake that can occur in either transcription or translation a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA a temporary and reversible alteration in a DNA molecule blockage of the ribosome-binding sites |
a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence in the chromosomes. |
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The modern phrasing of Beadle and Tatum’s hypothesis about relationships between genes and their products is "one gene-one ______." protein |
polypeptide |
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How many amino acids are common to all living systems? 10 |
20 |
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How many nucleotides make up a codon? 2 |
3 |
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The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ______. the genetic code arose relatively late in the history of life on Earth bacterial cells arose earlier than eukaryotic cells all life shares a common ancestry DNA replication is error-free |
all life shares a common ancestry |
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Transcription is the ______. manufacture of two new DNA double helices that are identical to an old DNA double helix manufacture of a protein based on information carried by RNA modification of a strand of RNA prior to the manufacture of a protein manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA |
manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA |
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If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______. DNA double helix with the sequence AAGCTC for one strand and TTCGAG for the complementary strand RNA double helix with the sequence UUCGAG for one strand and AAGCUC for the complimentary strand single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG single RNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG |
single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG |
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Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis? RNA ligase |
RNA polymerase |
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The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ______. the production of a longer RNA molecule a strand of mRNA that lacks its cap and tail the production of a shorter RNA molecule the creation of a virus |
the production of a longer RNA molecule |
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The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______. elongation, initiation, termination initiation, elongation, termination splicing, capping, tailing tailing, capping, splicing |
initiation, elongation, termination |
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The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ______. promoters |
exons |
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What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes? a cap and tail RNA splicing the removal of exons the lack of RNA-digesting enzymes in the cytoplasm |
a cap and tail |
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Translation converts the information stored in ______ to ______. DNA… a polypeptide DNA… RNA RNA… a polypeptide RNA… DNA |
RNA…DNA |
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The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon ______. AGU |
AGU |
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During translation, what is the correct order of events that occur as an amino acid is added? initiation, codon recognition, termination translocation, codon recognition, termination peptide bond formation, translocation, codon recognition codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation |
codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation |
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Peptide bonds form between ______. an mRNA codon and a tRNA anticodon an mRNA transcript and the small ribosomal subunit amino acids a tRNA and the amino acid it is carrying |
amino acids |
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A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ______. change the location at which transcription of the next gene begins have the same effect as deleting a single nucleotide in the gene result in a shortened polypeptide chain result in a polypeptide that is one amino acid shorter than the one produced prior to the mutation |
result in a shortened polypeptide chain |
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What is the ultimate source of all diversity? mutation |
sexual recombination |
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The figure below shows the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell. The transfer of information from DNA into an RNA molecule is known as ______. translation |
transcription |
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