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The scientific study of matter is called _______. |
Chemistry |
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H2SO4, sulfuric acid, contains three different types of atoms: hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O). Each of these atoms represents a different ______. Since the three types are combined in a fixed ratio, this means that H2SO4 is a(n) _______. |
Element, compound |
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If two or more atoms are bonded together, they form a(n) _______. |
Molecule |
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The smallest unit of matter that retain all of the physical properties of that type of matter is a(n) ______. |
Atom |
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_______ is anything that occupies space and/or has any substance. |
Matter |
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Within a plant, water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be combined (using the energy of sunlight) to produce glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). If you were to write out this chemical reaction, water and carbon dioxide are each an example of a(n) _______ while glucose and oxygen and are each an example of a(n) _______. |
Reactant, product |
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__________ are substances that CANNOT be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. |
Elements |
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__________ bonds involve equal sharing of electrons between two atoms. |
Nonpolar convalent bonds |
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What does saying that water is a polar molecule mean? |
A water molecule has an unequal charge distribution; its oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge and its hydrogen atoms each have a slightly positive charge. |
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Water readily sticks to many other substances, a property called ______. |
Adhesion |
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Water striders are common insects that can skip across the surface of ponds and streams. This lifestyle is enabled by water’s _____. |
Cohesion and resulting surface tension |
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Which best describes how charges are distributed on a water molecule? |
The oxygen end is negative relative to the end with the two hydrogen atoms. |
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Relative to other substances, water tends to resist changes in temperature. Why? |
Water is highly cohesive. Its molecules tend to resist increases in their motion. When water is heated, some of the energy is used to disturb the hydrogen bonds between neighboring molecules. |
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Water is sometimes called the "universal solvent." Is that accurate? |
For the most part. Water readily dissolves most substances, but not hydrophobic ones. |
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The term for a solution with a low pH number, such as lemon juice or vinegar, is _______. |
Acidic |
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The term for a solution that has an equal concentration of H+ and OH is ______. |
Neutral |
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The term for a solution with a high pH number, such as ammonia or bleach, is ______. |
Basic |
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An acid is a compound that donates _______ to a solution. |
H+ |
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The higher the pH number, the higher the concentration of ______ in a solution. |
OH- |
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A substance that accepts H+ when they are in excess and donates H+ when their concentration drops is called a(n) ______. |
Buffer |
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A solution is very acidic if it … |
(a) has a very low pH value. (b) has a high hydronium ion concentration. |
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The dissociation of water … |
(b) is quickly reversed, giving neutral water molecules. (c) involves pairs of water molecules. |
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Which statement is true of the equation shown below? |
It omits an important water molecule and it is a standard shorthand for water dissociation. |
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Which four elements make up the bulk of living cells? |
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
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How many neutrons in a carbon-14 atom? |
8 |
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If the number of protons in an atom does not match the number of electrons, the atom is specifically called an ________. |
ion |
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In chemical bonding, when the bonded atoms share electrons, it is specifically called ________. |
a covalent bond |
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Individual water molecules are held to one another by relatively weak ________ bonds. |
hydrogen |
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Something with a pH of 5 would be ________. |
acidic |
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Select the most complete explanation of what the pH scale actually measures. |
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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The four classes of large organic molecules that are essential to life include __________. |
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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During digestion, __________ are broken down into __________ through __________ reactions. |
proteins; amino acids; hydrolysis |
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Which of the following large organic molecules includes table sugar? |
Carbohydrates |
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Starch and glycogen are complex carbohydrates made by joining together long chains of __________ monomers. |
glucose |
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What is another name for the polymers of carbohydrates? |
Polysaccharides |
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Lipids are all ________. |
hydrophobic |
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What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common? |
(b) Low solubility in water. |
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Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say? |
Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren’t compatible with water. |
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Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein’s function is largely determined by its _____. |
shape |
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The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____. |
amino acids |
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A protein’s alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure. |
third |
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What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid? |
It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein’s function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function. |
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Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex. |
fourth |
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Identify the substrate in the following reaction: Sucrose → Fructose + Glucose |
Sucrose |
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A(n) ______ is a molecule that can bind to an enzyme and prevent the enzyme from working. There are two types: a(n) ______ binds to the active site of the enzyme; a(n) ________ binds elsewhere on the enzyme |
Inhibitor; competitive inhibitor; noncompetitive inhibitor |
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Lactose takes years to break down on its own. But if exposed to the protein lactase, the reaction proceeds very quickly, while lactase itself remains unchanged. Lactase is an example of a(n) ______. |
enzyme |
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The specific location within an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds is called the ______. |
active site |
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During an enzymatic reaction, a molecule of ______ binds to the enzyme and is broken down into one or more molecules of ______, which are released. |
substrate; product |
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Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the ______, which allows the reaction to proceed much more quickly. |
activation energy |
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Lysosome |
Found in ANIMAL cells but not most plant cells. |
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Cell Wall |
Found in PLANT cells but not animal cells. |
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Nucleus |
Found in both PLANT and ANIMAL cells. |
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Chloroplast |
Found in PLANT cells but not animal cells. |
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Animal cells are surrounded by a(n) ________________, whereas plant cells are also surrounded by a(n) ________________ |
plasma membrane; cell wall |
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Which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell? |
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome |
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Plant cells have two energy-related organelles. ________________ harness light energy to create sugars and ________________ break down these sugars to create ATP. |
chloroplasts; mitochondria |
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What are the three organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not? |
chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall |
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The ____________________ builds compounds, whereas the ________________ breaks things down. |
endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome |
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Certain molecules, such as RNA, are able to leave the nucleus while DNA is not.Certain molecules, such as RNA, are able to leave the nucleus while DNA is not. |
True |
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Which of these lists reflects the order in which cell organelles participate in the overall process that produces and transports many kinds of protein though the cell? |
ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles |
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In what ways are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria? |
The functions of both chloroplasts and mitochondria depend on deeply folded membranes that form fluid filled spaces. |
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Plant Cell Wall |
Strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrils. |
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Central Vacuole |
Regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal presure, andstores cell compounds. |
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Chloroplast |
Makes food by converting light energy into chemical energy. |
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Mitochondrion |
Converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell. |
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Golgi Apparatus |
Modifies the packages proteins. |
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The endomembrane system |
Rough ER -> Vesicle from ER -> Golgi apparatus -> Vesicle from Golgi -> Plasma membrane |
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Nucleus |
Stores the genetic information of the cell. |
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Lysosome |
Breaks down macromolecules using digestive enzymes. |
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Mitochondrion |
Converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell. |
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Ribosome |
Works with mRNA to synthesize proteins. |
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Smooth ER |
Site of lipid synthesis. |
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Plants, fungi, and some prokaryotic cells have rigid cell walls that help maintain the shape of the cell. What structure provides this function in animal cells? |
the cytoskeleton |
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Which of the following is not located in the nucleus? A. Nucleolus |
D. Endoplasmic reticulum |
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Which of the following statements is true? A. Transcription and translation both occur in the nucleus. |
B. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. |
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Although exceptions probably exist for practically every rule of biology, which of the following statements is typically false? A. DNA to RNA is called transcription. |
C. DNA contains the same nucleotides as RNA. |
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Ribosomes are directly associated with which process? A. Transference |
D. Translation |
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What information is used to assemble the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide? |
Base sequence of mRNA |
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What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in protein production? |
Has no direct role in protein production |
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Final protein refinements, storage, and packaging occurs ________. |
in the Golgi apparatus. |
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What harvests energy from sunlight to rearrange molecules into sugar? |
Chloroplasts |
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What harvests energy from food molecules to make ATP? |
Mitochondria |
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