What is the meaning of the statement "correlation does not imply causation"? A. Just because two variables vary in a similar pattern does not mean that changing one variable causes a change in the other. |
A. Just because two variables vary in a similar pattern does not mean that changing one variable causes a change in the other. |
Which of the following issues would be least helped by application of the scientific method? A. developing more effective high school curricula |
D. formulating public policy on euthanasia |
A relationship between phenomena that has been established based on large amounts of observational and experimental data is referred to as: A. a theory. |
A. a theory. |
Anecdotal evidence: A. is a more efficient method for understanding the world than the scientific method. |
E. can seem to reveal links between two phenomena, but the links may not actually exist. |
Statistical methods make it possible to: A. prove any hypothesis is true. |
B. determine how likely it is that certain results have occurred by chance. |
An independent variable: A. can cause a change in a dependent variable. |
A. can cause a change in a dependent variable. |
You hear the males of a particular bird species calling in their natural environment and question why they call. You design an experiment to try to answer your question. You cage one male bird and record his calling rate in response to four treatments, varying the number of conspecific (of the same species) males and the number of conspecific females that the male subject can see. The treatments are: no conspecific birds; 10 conspecific males; 10 conspecific females; 5 conspecific males and 5 conspecific females. Your results are: the rate at which the male subject calls is the same across all four treatments. Which of the following is a null hypothesis that your experimental design could reject? A. Males of the species do not call. |
C.Males of the species call at a rate that is independent of the sex composition of the audience. |
If a researcher collects data by using the same experimental setup as in another study, but using different research subjects, the process is considered: A. an uncontrolled experiment. |
D. replication. |
A _____________ is a pill that looks identical to a pill that contains the active ingredient in a scientific trial, but contains no active ingredient itself. A. tablet |
C. placebo |
Some have claimed that the herb echinacea reduces the likelihood of catching the common cold. In many hundreds of studies, this claim has been refuted. Assuming these studies were properly conducted, which of the following is a scientifically responsible claim that an echinacea advocate could make in support of further research on this subject. A. The effective dosage of echinacea was outside the range of the dosages given in the scientific studies. |
E. Only a) and c) are scientifically responsible claims that an echinacea advocate could make in support of further research on this subject. |
Which of the following is the BEST way to state the relationship between "data" and "results"? A. "Data" are the facts you collect from your experiment, while "results" are your interpretation of what the data mean. |
A. "Data" are the facts you collect from your experiment, while "results" are your interpretation of what the data mean. |
Scientific theories do not represent speculations or guesses about the natural world. Rather they are hypotheses—proposed explanations for natural phenomena—that have been: A. found to be statistically significant. |
E. so strongly and persuasively supported by empirical observation that the scientific community views them as unlikely to be altered by new evidence. |
In controlled experiments: A. one variable is manipulated while others are held constant. |
A. one variable is manipulated while others are held constant. |
In a randomized, controlled, double-blind study: A. experimental subjects are blind-folded when given the experimental treatment. |
D. neither the experimenter nor the subject know whether the subject is in a control group or an experimental group. |
An experimental condition applied to research subjects is called a: A. control. |
B. treatment. |
Which of the following is the BEST description of a control group in an experiment? A. The control group is identical to each test group except for one variable. |
A. The control group is identical to each test group except for one variable. |
In a scientific study, the dependent variable is: A. a measurable entity whose value can be changed and set at the start of an experiment. |
C. a measurable entity whose value always fluctuates up and down, closely following changes in another variable. |
In a line graph, the value of the independent variable is: A. represented as long lines extending from the right side of the graph. |
B. represented on the x-axis. |
Visual displays, such as graphs, are used in scientific presentations because: A. they obscure embarrassing errors and mistakes in the data. |
E. Both c) and d) are correct. |
If a report states, "the female subjects in the study are 5 feet 6 inches ± 3 inches," this indicates that: A. 90% of the women are between 5 feet 3 inches and 5 feet 9 inches. |
D. two thirds of the women are between 5 feet 3 inches and 5 feet 9 inches. |
The set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to help researchers gain understanding from the data they gather is called: A. experimentation. |
B. statistics. |
If you toss a coin and it comes up tails on eight consecutive tosses, what is the likelihood it will come up heads on the ninth toss? A. 1 |
B. 1/2 |
In a series of studies, researchers found a statistically significant positive correlation between the number of fire fighters present at a fire and the amount of damage that the fire does. Which of the following is the BEST conclusion to be drawn from these studies? A. Statistical data must be put in its proper context to be understood. |
A. Statistical data must be put in its proper context to be understood. |
The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its nucleus must contain: A. 6 neutrons and 6 protons. |
A. 6 neutrons and 6 protons. |
The second orbital shell of an atom can hold ___ electrons. A. 2 |
E. 8 |
A covalent bond is formed when: A. two non-polar molecules associate with each other in a polar environment. |
D. two atoms share electrons. |
An element: A. is a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substance. |
A. is a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substance. |
The nucleus of an atom is usually made up of: A. protons, neutrons, and proteins that hold them together. |
E. protons, which a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no electrical charge. |
Relative to protons: A. electrons have approximately the same mass. |
D. electrons have significantly less mass. |
The four most abundant elements in living organisms are: A. sodium, nitrogen, carbon, and silicon. |
E. hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon. |
All matter on earth, both living and non-living, is made up of: A. carbohydrates. |
B. atoms. |
Some atoms of an element contain more neutrons or fewer neutrons than the most commonly found "version" of the atoms for that element. These "alternate versions" of the standard atom are called: A. radioactive elements. |
D. isotopes. |
Which of the following elements have four electrons in their outer shells? A. carbon and silicon |
A. carbon and silicon |
An atom can be changed into an ion by adding or removing: A. a neutron. |
C. an electron. |
Helium is not a reactive molecule because: A. its first-level shell is full with two protons. |
D. its first-level shell is full with two electrons. |
Which of the following molecules is NOT formed by covalent bonding? A. NaCl |
A. NaCl |
One important difference between covalent and ionic bonds is that: A. in covalent bonds two atoms share electrons while in ionic bonds two atoms of opposite charge are attracted to each other. |
A. in covalent bonds two atoms share electrons while in ionic bonds two atoms of opposite charge are attracted to each other. |
Water molecules form which type of bond with other water molecules? A. disulfide bridges |
C. hydrogen bonds |
The tendency of molecules to stick together, called cohesion, is stronger in water than in other liquids because: A. the polarity of water allows an oxygen atom from one water molecule to form a hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom of another water molecule. |
B. the polarity of water allows a hydrogen atom from one water molecule to form a hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom of another water molecule. |
The most abundant molecule in the cell is: A. cellulose. |
C. water. |
Why do coastal areas have milder, less variable climates than inland areas? A. Because water is a good solvent, it is able to dissolve the photons in light, reducing their ability to heat or cool the land. |
D. Large bodies of water, especially oceans, can absorb huge amounts of heat from the sun during warm times of the year, reducing temperature increases on the land. Similarly, during cold times of year the ocean slowly cools, giving off heat that reduces the temperature drop on shore. |
Which of the following is NOT a property of water? A. It is less dense when frozen than when it’s a liquid. |
B. It is a good solvent because both polar and nonpolar molecules dissolve in it. |
Which of the following statements BEST explains the observation that there are more autism cases now than in the past? A. There are more parents who neglect their children, which is a cause of autism, now than in the past. |
D. Doctors are more aware of the condition and have better techniques for diagnosing and reporting it. |
All of the following are branches of biology EXCEPT: A. ecology. |
C. geology. |
Which of the following areas is NOT heavily influenced by biology? A. environmental issues |
E. Biology heavily influences ALL of these areas. |
Which of the following is NOT of central importance to the study of biology? A. evolution |
D. the technical application of research findings |
Carbohydrates: A. act as a relatively quickly available source of fuel. |
D. are a good source of sustained energy when they come in the form of polysaccharides. |
Which of the following are all monosaccharides? A. glucose, fructose, and galactose |
A. glucose, fructose, and galactose |
Glucose that circulates in your blood has one of three fates: it is used to fuel cellular activities, it can be converted into fat, or it can _______. A. be stored temporarily as glycogen |
A. be stored temporarily as glycogen |
Glycogen belongs in the class of molecules known as: A. amino acids. |
D. polysaccharides. |
Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (the sugar found in milk) are examples of: A. simple sugars. |
C. disaccharides. |
All lipids are: A. polymers of fatty acids. |
B. not soluble in water. |
An unsaturated fatty acid is one in which: A. carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain. |
A. carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain. |
Which statement about phospholipids is FALSE? A. They are hydrophilic at one end. |
E. Because their phosphate groups repel each other, they are used as organisms’ chief form of short-term energy. |
Which of the following is a common role that sterols play in the human body? A. They are used as energy storage molecules. |
E. None of the above is true about sterols. |
All of the following are roles played by protein in the body EXCEPT: A. structural support. |
E. transmission of electrical impulses. |
All of the following are components of a single amino acid EXCEPT: A. an alpha carbon. |
E. All of the above are components of a single amino acid. |
In dietary terms, a "complete" protein is one that: A. contains all 20 amino acids. |
B. contains all of the essential amino acids. |
Which of the following statements is NOT true of amino acids? A. They come in polar, non-polar, and electrically charged forms. |
E. They are distinguished from each other by variation in their carboxyl groups. |
A polypeptide chain is a linear polymer of amino acids. Peptide bonds are present between which of the two following groups? A. the carbon atom of the carboxyl group and the oxygen atom double-bonded to it |
C. the carbon atom of the carboxyl group and the nitrogen atom of the amino group |
The secondary structure of a protein refers to: A. the linear assembly of amino acids into a chain. |
C. the twisting of the amino acid chain into a corkscrew-like shape or into a zigzag folding pattern. |
Enzymes: A. catalyze reactions that release energy, but not those that consume energy. |
E. increase the rate at which a reaction occurs. |
Which of the following statements about enzymes is NOT true? A. Enzymes are permanently changed when they take place in a chemical reaction. |
A. Enzymes are permanently changed when they take place in a chemical reaction. |
Phosphate groups are important components of: A. triglycerides. |
B. nucleic acids. |
DNA is made of: A. nucleotides. |
A. nucleotides. |
An amino acid is to a polypeptide as: A. testosterone is to a steroid hormone. |
B. a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid. |
Which type of macromolecule is an informational molecule? A. DNA |
A. DNA |
Which of the following nucleotide bases are present in equal amounts in DNA? A. thymine and cytosine |
E. adenine and thymine |
Phenylketonuria is an inherited disorder. Affected individuals have a defective enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. The substance these individuals cannot break down is a(n): A. protein. |
E. amino acid. |
Which of the following would influence the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction? A. substrate concentration |
E. All of the above influence enzymatic rate. |
Which of the following is NOT true of ALL cells? A. They eliminate wastes. |
C. They move by means of flagella or cilia. |
Which statement is NOT part of modern cell theory? A. All living organisms consist of one or more cells. |
B. The first cell arrived on earth from outer space. |
Which of the following is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A. Golgi apparatus |
B. ribosome |
Prokaryotic organisms lack: A. replicator molecules (DNA or RNA). |
D. organelles. |
What are the two distinct "faces" of the phospholipids that make up the surface membrane of a cell? A. a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail |
D. Both a) and c) are correct. |
Which cellular structure makes it possible for a cell to differ structurally and biochemically from its surroundings? A. nucleolus |
C. plasma membrane |
Beta-blockers do all of the following EXCEPT: A. block signaling through adrenaline receptors. |
C. bind to the cytoplasmic side of a receptor protein. |
Which of the following is the most important factor governing a cell’s particular type of interaction with other cells A. the type of animal the cell came from |
D. the pattern of proteins on the cell’s surface |
The net movement of molecules from locally concentrated regions to uniform distributions is best described as: A. active transport. |
C. diffusion. |
Which of the following BEST defines diffusion? A. net movement of particles between cells |
E. net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
In aquatic environments, water moves _____________. A. down the water-concentration scale |
D. down the water-concentration gradient |
You are bored at a lunch meeting and surreptitiously place a raisin in your glass of water. The raisin swells to twice its original size. Relative to the water, the raisin must have been: A. hypertonic. |
A. hypertonic. |
You measure the concentration of a polar molecule inside and outside of a cell. You find that the concentration is high and gradually increasing inside the cell. You also measure the ATP concentration inside the cell and find that it is dropping. What would be your best hypothesis for the process that is occurring? A. facilitated diffusion |
A. facilitated diffusion |
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which _______________ converts to ATP, the "fuel" used by all living things. A. speciation |
D. cellular respiration |
Life gains most of its energy from: A. water. |
B. sunlight. |
A cyclist rides her bike up a very steep hill. Pick from the following choices the one that properly describes this example in energetic terms. A. Potential energy in food is converted to kinetic energy as muscles push the cyclist up the hill. |
E. Both a) and d) are correct. |
Within the study of thermodynamics, a closed system is defined as a system in which energy does not come in and energy does not go out. Which of the following is considered a closed system? A. the universe |
A. the universe |
Each ATP molecule is composed of three separate subunits. Which of the following is NOT a proper description of one of these subunits? A. three carbon-nitrogen rings |
A. three carbon-nitrogen rings |
The phosphate groups in ATP: A. are covalently bonded to each other. |
E. All of the above are correct. |
Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis? A. glucose |
D. carbon dioxide |
A green plant can carry out photosynthesis if given nothing more than: A. water. |
C. water, light, and air. |
Which by-product of photosynthesis was important in altering the atmosphere of the earth so that aerobic organisms could evolve? A. air |
E. oxygen |
Carotenoids: A. are primary pigments in certain plants and algae chloroplasts that fix carbon in place of chlorophyll. |
E. are accessory pigments in chloroplasts that protect the chlorophyll by absorbing excessive light energy. |
Chlorophyll b and the carotenoids are important as receptors of light energy because they: A. can absorb green light. |
C. respond to wavelengths different from the wavelengths that chlorophyll a responds to. |
The most effective portion(s) of the visible spectrum in driving photosynthesis is (are): A. the violet-blue portion. |
E. Both a) and c) are correct. |
Biologically speaking, a pigment: A. is a molecule that absorbs carbon dioxide. |
C. is a molecule that absorbs a photon. |
During photosynthesis, visible light has enough energy to directly: A. excite electrons. |
A. excite electrons. |
What are the resulting products of the splitting of water in photosynthesis? A. electrons, oxygen, and hydroxide ions |
E. electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions |
Oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis originates as: A. oxygen atoms are released by the metabolism of carbohydrates. |
E. oxygen atoms contained in water molecules. |
The carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis enters the plant through the: A. stroma. |
B. stomata. |
Cellular respiration is the process by which: A. oxygen is produced during metabolic activity. |
D. energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules is captured by an organism. |
An inherited disease results from abnormal mitochondria passed from mother to child. Using your knowledge of the function of mitochondria within human cells, which of the following is the most likely description of the symptoms of this disease? A. extreme sensitivity to UV light, resulting in skin cancer at a very young age |
C. extreme muscle weakness |
Cellular respiration is an efficient process that captures approximately 35% of the energy in glucose. From 1 molecule of glucose, it yields: A. 3 to 4 ATP, depending on the tissue and organism. |
D. 30 to 32 ATP, depending on the tissue and organism. |
A person’s unique DNA is carried within some of the cells and tissues of their body. These include all of the following EXCEPT: A. intestines |
E. All of the above contain a person’s DNA. |
Double-stranded DNA that contains a high G-C content requires a higher temperature in order to separate the two DNA strands. This is because: A. G-C base pairing involves three hydrogen bonds while A-T pairing involves only two. |
A. G-C base pairing involves three hydrogen bonds while A-T pairing involves only two. |
Most genes come in alternative forms called: A. chromosomes. |
D. alleles. |
In order for translation to occur: A. the nuclear membrane must dissolve. |
D. there must be large numbers of free amino acids present in the cytosol. |
The term "gene expression" refers to: A. which amino acid is "called for" by a particular codon |
E. None of the above describes what "gene expression" means. |
A frameshift mutation: A. leaves the amino acid sequence unchanged. |
B. results from an insertion or deletion in a DNA sequence. |
A mutation that involves the addition, subtraction, or substitution of a single base is known as A. an inversion. |
E. a point mutation. |
Animal cells have "counters" that keep track of how many times a cell has divided. These counters are called: A. odometers. |
B. telomeres. |
In DNA replication, when the DNA molecule separates into two strands: A. it is possible to reconstruct perfectly all the information on the missing strand because one strand carries all the information needed to construct its complementary strand. |
E. Only a) and b) are correct. |
Somatic cells can include: A. kidney cells. |
E. Both a) and b) are correct. |
The rate at which mitosis occurs varies dramatically for different types of cells. The most rapid cell division occurs: A. in the blood and the heart. |
C. in the blood and the cells lining the various tissues of organs. |
Mitosis results in: A. daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes but different combinations of alleles. |
C. daughter cells with the same number and composition of chromosomes. |
In order for a eukaryotic cell to undergo reproduction and divide, certain steps must be successfully completed. Which of the following choices is NOT one of these necessary steps? A. There must be proper packaging and segregation of the replicated DNA. |
B. There must be proper reshuffling of the genetic material in order to provide diversity within the gametes. |
Chemotherapy is one common treatment for cancer. Which of the following are aspects of chemotherapy? A. Drugs that interfere with cell division are administered to the patient. |
D. All of the above are correct. |
Cancer cells are different from other cells in that they have lost their "contact inhibition." "Contact inhibition" means: A. DNA replication in most cells stops when the double helix comes in contact with particular enzymes. |
D. most cells stop dividing when they bump up against other cells or collections of cells. |
Which of the following are features that distinguish cancer cells from normal cells? A. Normal cells undergo cytokinesis; cancer cells do not undergo cytokinesis. |
E. Both b) and d) are correct. |
In humans, the haploid number, n, equals: A. 2n. |
C. 23. |
During meiosis, chromatin: A. reduces the incidence of crossing over. |
C. condenses, becoming more tightly coiled. |
BIO301L Homework Questions
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