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Market Revolution |
The Market Revolution was the expansion of markets during the early 19th century. This was mark(et)ed (hehe see what I did there?) by an increase in exchange of goods and services. The Market Revolution resulted from increased output of farms and factories, activity of traders and merchants, and development of transportation and infrastructure. (ECONOMIC) |
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American Industrial Revolution |
The Industrial Revolution in America occurred between 1790 and 1820 as manufacturers and merchants reorganized work routines and built factories. Due to rapid construction of transportation and infrastructure by both state governments and individuals, goods became more widespread among the nation. This actually increased living standards as well. (ECONOMIC) |
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Division of Labor |
Division of Labor was a new, more efficient, system used in manufacturing that assigned specific tasks to each worker. This new system, because it was more efficient, became the normal practice throughout manufacturing in the U.S. Although Division of labor greatly improved productivity, it also diminished moral among workers because there was no sense of achievement. (ECONOMIC) |
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Mechanics |
In order to maintain power in the industrial business, the British government kept control by prohibiting the export of textile machinery, and, by prohibiting the emigration of mechanics who knew how to build it. Mechanics were skilled workers who built tools. Mechanics became an essential part of the economy in the 19th century. (ECONOMIC) |
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American and British Advantages |
America had the abundance of natural resources such as wool and cotton to it’s advantage. Americans also received help from the federal government, improved Britain’s technology, and had female laborers. Britain, on the other hand, had the advantage of cheap, transatlantic shipping and low interest rates. British also had a much larger population, and therefore, cheaper labor. (ECONOMIC) |
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Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin |
Eli Whitney invented a machine that quickly separated seeds from the delicate cotton fibers. Whitney patented his invention, but, other manufacturers improved his design and captured the market. Eli Whitney’s cotton machine facilitated the growth of the cotton textile industry. (ECONOMIC) |
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Machhine Tools |
Machine Tools were machines that made parts for other machines. Craftsmen facilitated the rapid spread of the Industrial Revolution by pioneering the development of machine tools. The development of machine tools led to the development of interchangeable parts. (ECONOMIC) |
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Factory |
Factories allowed for more concentrated production under one roof. Many new factories were built due to the expanded availability of machines. Some factories were powered by stationary steam engines which could manufacture a variety of products. (ECONOMIC) |
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Craft Workers |
Craft workers were artisans with a very specific craft or skill. In the early 19th century, many American craft workers had developed an "artisan republican ethic." This was a collective identity based on liberty and equality. Craft workers viewed themselves as "small-scale producers" whom were equal to one another and free to work for themselves. (CULTURAL) |
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Early Labor Unions |
Labor Unions consisted of specialized skill-workers who would band together to get higher pay and better working conditions. Labor Union members would defend the interests of other members through riots or negotiations. Members of labor unions would developed a strong sense of identity with one another. (ECONOMIC) |
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Labor Theory and Value |
The Labor Theory of Value proposed that the price of any good ought to reflect the amount of labor required to make it rather than it’s supply and demand. This theory also proposed that the majority of the money made should go to the individuals who made the good. This movement led by National Trades’ Union and other labor leaders. (ECONOMIC) |
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Transportation Revolution |
The Transportation Revolution was a rapid increase in infrastructure led by the congress and state governments. The state governments charted private companies to build large roads and Congress approved the construction of the National Road. This revolution occurred due to an increased land distribution in America. The goal of this was to connect settlements with one another and to facilitate the transportation of goods and people the National road connected the Midwest and the east coast. (ECONOMIC & CULTURAL) |
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Canals (With emphasis on the Erie Canal) |
Canals are, obviously, human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water. Canals were major role during the transportation revolution. Canals, like the National Road, helped transport people, crops, and manufactures to and from Midwest. One of the biggest and most important canal was the Erie Canal. Built in 1817 by the New York Legislature, the Erie Canal stretched for 364 miles from Lake Erie to the Hudson River.This Canal altered the ecology and the economy of the region and brought prosperity to central and western farmers. (ECONOMIC & CULTURAL) |
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Steamboats |
Steamboats, first built by Robert Fulton in 1807, increased speed and efficiency of river travel. Arriving shortly after the mad rush of canals, steamboats largely improved inter-regional travel and allowed goods to be shipped long distances. The invention of the steamboat stimulated both western and southern agricultural economies by opening markets. It also allowed eastern manufactures to send their goods west which, in turn, increased the flow of good to people in the Midwest. (ECONOMIC & CULTURAL) |
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Railroads |
Railroads were able to replace canal use by the 1850s linking the Northeast and Midwest regions. The railroad boom opened up the territory south and west of Chicago and contributed greatly to westward expansion. Railroads were central carriers of wheat and freight. (ECONOMIC & CULTURAL) |
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Growth of Cities and Towns |
Cities and towns grew as the expansion of industry and trade dramatically increased America’s urban population. Many commercial cities grew due to their central location in terms of transportation. Most rapid growth occurred along ‘fall line’ where rivers met the coastal plain. Midwestern cities such as Chicago and Buffalo became centers of commerce as well as manufacturing hubs. (ECONOMIC & CULTURAL) |
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Business Elite |
The Business Elite was a new social class of businessmen who benefited greatly from the Industrial and Transportation revolutions. These men, generally living is growing cities, were made up of merchants, manufactures, bankers, and landlords who became very rich. By 1860, the richest 10% of the population made up 70% of the wealth. (ECONOMIC & CULTURAL) |
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Middle Class |
The Middle Class was a class of traders and townspeople who were not part of either the aristocracy or peasantry. Made up of farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, and traders, the middle class lived well-off lives and had solid educations. Members of the middle class had a cultural outlook of self-discipline, hard-work, and social mobility. (ECONOMIC & CULTURAL) |
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Self-Made Man |
Self-made men were men of the middle class who rose to wealth or to a higher social status from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits. The self made man became a central theme of American popular culture. (CULTURAL) |
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Urban Workers and the Poor |
As a result of the Industrial Revolution, society became divided. The bottom 10% of the population consisted of ‘casual workers’. These people could not afford to educate their children, buy food, or pay rent. Workers had low wages and some got paid per day with temporary jobs. The poor most often lived in slums, some finding solace in alcohol, leading to the temperance movement. (ECONOMIC & CULTURAL) |
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Benevolent Empire |
Many members of the middle class and their Congregational and Presbyterian ministers launched programs of social reform know as the Benevolent Empire. They targeted drunkenness, adultery, prostitution, and crime, but established large scale organizations to implement the evils. The Benevolent Empire insisted that people who had experienced saving grace should provide moral guidance and charity to the less fortunate. (CULTURAL) |
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Charles Grandison Finney |
Charles Grandison Finney was a forerunner of the Evangelicals who thought that all were able to be saved as God made them free of morals. He drew on the ideas of the Second Great Awakening. Finney created the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was very against slavery and alcohol. Finney also believed God would welcome any sinner who accepted Him and that anyone could choose salvation and therefore be saved. Finney was an excellent preacher and converted many people. (CULTURAL) |
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Evangelical Ideology |
Evangelical Ideology was the thought that God would welcome any sinner who accepted Him and that anyone could choose salvation. Finney was the leader of these ideas. This ideology promoted group prayer and was particularly popular among the middle class. (CULTURAL) |
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Temperance Crusade / Movement |
The Temperance Movement was the most effective arena for evangelical social reform. In 1832, Evangelicals gained control on the American Temperance Society and employed methods that had worked well in the revivals. This movement encouraged individuals and governments to limit consumption of alcoholic beverages or to abolish it. Eventually, the temperance movement became so significant that it helped lead to 18th Amendment that banned alcohol. (CULTURAL) |
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Irish Immigration |
Irish Immigrants were among the poorest migrants in America. Fleeing the famine, the Irish became peasants and laborers settling mostly in New England and New York. They worked in low paying positions in factories. They also fueled the growth of the Catholic Church. (CULTURAL) |
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Nativism and Anti-Catholicism |
Nativism and Anti-Catholicism was, essentially, an anti-foreign and anti-catholic sentiments in the U.S. In 1834, Morse published a book which warned of a Catholic threat to American Republican institutions. In many instances, these conflicts led to violence. Campaigns against immigration of Irish, Germans, Chinese, Japanese, eastern and southern Europeans, and Mexicans started. These sentiments also prompted Chinese Exclusion Act, Immigration Act, and Japanese internment. (CULTURAL) |
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