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Samuel de Champlain |
Father of New France who established a crucial alliance with the Huron Indians |
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Robert de La Salle |
French empire builder who explored the Mississippi Basin and named it after his monarch; founded Louisiana |
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Treaty of Urecht |
agreement that ended the War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War) and awarded Acadia to Britain |
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War of Austrian Succession |
conflict that started with the War of Jenkins’ Ear and ended with the return of Louisbourg to France |
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Fort Duquesne |
strategic French stronghold, later named after a great British statesman |
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George Washington |
militia commander whose frontier skirmish in Pennsylvania touched off a world war |
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Benjamin Franklin |
advocate of colonial unity at the unsuccessful Albany Congress |
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General Braddock |
blundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early stages of their war |
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William Pitt |
splendid British orator and organizer of the winning strategy against the French in North America |
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Plains of Abraham |
site of death of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, where France’s New World empire also perished |
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Seven Years’ War |
conflict in Europe that pitted France against Britain’s ally Frederick the Great of Prussia |
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Pontiac |
Indian leader whose frontier uprising caused the British to attempt to limit colonial expansion |
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Proclamation of 1763 |
British document that aroused colonial anger but failed to stop frontier expansion |
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New Orleans |
strategic French outpost at the mouth of the Mississippi |
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Acadians (Cajuns) |
French colonists in Nova Scotia brutally uprooted by victorious British and shipped to Louisiana |
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Huguenots |
French Protestants who were granted toleration by the Edict of Nantes (1598) but not permitted to settle in New France |
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King Louis XIV |
absolute French monarch who reigned for 72 years |
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beaver |
animal whose pelt provided great profits for the French empire and enhanced European fashion at enormous ecological costs |
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Jesuits |
French Catholic religious order that explored the North American interior and sought to protect and convert the Indians |
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coureurs de bois |
far-running, high-living French fur trappers |
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Louisbourg Fortress |
strategic French fortress conquered by New England settlers, handed back to the French, and finally conquered again by the British in 1759 |
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Ohio Valley |
island river territory, scene of fierce competition between the French and land-speculating English colonists |
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Germany/Prussia |
bloodiest European theater of the Seven Years’ War, where Frederick the Great’s troops drained French strength away from North America |
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Albany Congress |
unification effort that Benjamin Franklin nearly led to success by his eloquent leadership and cartoon artistry |
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Montcalm |
fortress boldly assaulted by General Wolfe , spelling doom for New France |
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militia |
the "buckskin" colonial soldiers whose military success did nothing to alter British officers’ contempt |
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Native Americans |
allies of the French against the British, who continued to fight under Pontiac even after the peace settlement in 1763 |
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Compared with the English colonies, New France was… |
more autocratically (absolutely) governed |
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The expansion of New France occurred especially…(where?) |
along the paths of lakes and rivers |
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Colonial Americans were unhappy after the peace treaty following the War of Jenkins’ Ear because… |
it gave the Louisbourg fortress they had captured back to France |
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The original cause of the French and Indian War was… |
competition between French and English colonists for land in the Ohio River valley |
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The French and Indian War eventually became part of the larger world conflict known as… |
the Seven Years’ War |
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Benjamin Franklin’s attempt to create intercolonial unity and the Albany Congress resulted in… |
rejection of the congress’s proposal for colonial home rule by both London and the individual colonies |
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The British forces suffered early defeats in the French and Indian War under the overall command of… |
General Braddock |
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William Pitt’s strategies in the assault of New France finally succeeded because… |
he concentrated British forces on attacking the vital strong points of Quebec and Montreal |
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The decisive event in the French-British contest for North America was… |
the British victory in the Battle of Quebec |
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Among the factors that tended to promote intercolonial unity during the French and Indian War was… |
common language and wartime experience |
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The French and Indian War weakened interior Indian peoples like the Iroquois and Creeks by… |
removing their French and Spanish allies from Canada and Florida |
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Pontiac’s fierce attack on frontier outposts (1763) had the effect of… |
convincing the British to keep troops stationed in the colonies |
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The British Proclamation of 1763…(feelings) |
angered colonists who thought that it deprived them of the fruits of victory |
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The French and Indian War created conflict between British and the American military because… |
British officers treated the American colonial militia with contempt |
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The effect on the colonists of the French removal from North America was… |
to reduce the colonies’ reliance on Britain and increase their sense if independence |
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Cause: The French fur trade |
Effect: decimated beaver populations while spreading the French empire |
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Cause: The four "world wars" between 1688 and 1763 |
Effect: were echoed by four small wars between French and British subjects in North America |
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Cause: Competition for land and furs in the Ohio Valley |
Effect: led to Washington’s expedition and battle with the French at Fort Necessity |
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Cause: The summoning of the Albany Congress by the British |
Effect: represented the first major attempt at intercolonial unity |
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Cause: William Pitt’s assumption of control of British government and strategy |
Effect: ended a string of defeats and turned the French and Indian War in Britain’s favor |
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Cause: Wolfe’s victory over Montcalm at Quebec |
Effect: resulted in the decisive French defeat and British domination of North America |
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Cause: The colonial militia’s military success in the French and Indian War |
Effect: increased American military confidence and resentment of British redcoats |
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Cause: Colonial American smuggling and trading with French enemy |
Effect: increased British government’s disdain for colonial Americans and raised doubts about their loyalty to the empire |
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Cause: British issuance of the Proclamation of 1763 |
Effect: heightened colonial anger and encouraged illegal westward expansion |
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Cause: Braddock’s defeat at Fort Duquesne |
Effect: prompted widespread Indian assaults on the weakly defended colonial frontier |
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