APUSH Chapter 41

"Old Right"

traditional bastion where residents harbored suspicions of federal power

"New Right" movement

helped to get R. Reagan elected movement, partly in response to counter-cultural protests of the 1960s—evangelical Christian groups, social issues denouncing abortion, pornography, homosexuality, feminism, and affirmative action

Ronald Reagan

First elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980.

Jimmy Carter

President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow first elected president to be unseated by the voters since Herbert Hoover

Sen. Edward Kennedy

known for his charisma and oratorical skills. His 1968 eulogy for his brother Robert and his 1980 rallying cry for modern American liberalism were among his best-known speeches. He became recognized as "The Lion of the Senate" through his long tenure and influence. More than 300 bills that Kennedy and his staff wrote were enacted into law

Iranian hostage release

The hostages were released on Reagan’s Inauguration Day, January 20, 1981, after 444 days in captivity.

James Watt

Part of Reagan’s conservative cabinet: secretary of the interior

California "tax revolt"

In 1978, Californians agreed to Proposition 13—an initiative that limited property taxes.The vote reflected the conservative opposition to taxes, expanding government services,and the influence of an older electorate which stood to gain from limited property tax assessments. Conservative opposition to taxes gained traction nationwide. Rather than attack federal social programs such as Social Security and Medicare directly, and thus alienate the groups who benefited from these programs, conservatives instead sought to capitalize on popular dissatisfaction with high taxes.

"Welfare state"

a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

"Boll weevils"

Term for conservative southern Democrats who voted increasingly for Republican issues during the Carter and Reagan administrations. (1035)

"Supply-side" economics ("Reaganomics")

The idea that by supplying workers with jobs to make products, you give them pay to buy products which gives more money to more people

"Yuppies"

young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars. They came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or "Star Wars")

the policy of the Reagan administration to begin a series of plans to place antimissile weapons in space orbit.

"Solidarity Movement"

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

1984 Olympic boycott

In this year, in response to the 1980 Western boycott of the Moscow Olympics, the USSR and Soviet-bloc athletes boycotted the Los Angeles Olympic Games.

"Sandinistas"

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990

"Contra" rebels

the opposition of the sandinista rebels in Nicaragua who Reagan provided with covert aid in order to overthrow the anti-American rebels and continue American dominance in central america

Walter Mondale

He was the vice president of Carter and when he won the democratic nomination he was defeated by a landslide by Reagan. He was the first presidential candidate to have a woman vice president, Geraldine Ferraro.

Geraldine Ferraro

In 1984 she was the first woman to appear on a major-party presidential ticket. She was a congresswoman running for Vice President with Walter Modale.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Glastnost

Program leading to increased free speech and political liberty under Mikhail Gorbachev.

Perestroika

a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Geneva (1985) and Reykjavik (1986) summits

At Geneva, Gorbachev pushed the goal of ceasing the deployment intermediate-range nuclear forces targeted on Western Europe, pending an agreement on their complete elimination. The summit at Reykjavik broke down into a stalemate.

Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987)

banning all INFs from Europe and the final summit Moscow in May 1988 that brought the Cold War to a kind of conclusion

Moscow summit (1988)

The third summit, after Geneva, Reykjavik, and Washington, D.C., where Reagan praised Gorbachev and seized a historic opportunity to join with the Soviet chief to bring the Cold War to a kind of conclusion.

Ferdinand Marcos

(1917-1989) Philippine politician; he was elected president of the Philippines in 1965, but soon became an authoritarian dictator. He imposed martial law, arrested his political opponents, and stole millions from his country's treasury.

Corazon Aquino

(1933-) Philippine politician and president of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992; she struggled to restore political stability, return to democracy, and rebuild the nation's economy.

Iran-Contra affair (1986)

American diplomats arranged arms sales to Iranians in return for Iranian aid in obtaining the release of American hostages held by Middle Eastern terrorists (money from the payment for the arms was diverted to the contras which violated ban on military aid to Nicaraguan rebels)

Oliver North

One of the chief figures in the Iran-Contra scandal was a Marine Colonel…. , an aide to the NSC. He admitted to covering up their actions, including shredding documents to destroy evidence. IMP. Although Reagan did approve the sale of arms to Iran he was not aware of the diversion of money to the contras. This still tainted his second term in office.

"Supply-side" economic theory

A decrease in the highest income tax rates should stimulate economic growth and ultimately result in an increase in government revenues

Rev. Jerry Falwell

He was an evangelical minister from Lynchburg, Virginia, and in 1979, founded the Moral Majority. He preached with great success against sexual permissiveness, abortion, feminism, and the spread of gay rights.

Moral Majority

political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states’ acceptance of homosexuality.

Sandra Day O’Connor

She was a laywer and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. She was the first woman to be a justice on the Supreme Court.

Webster v. RHS (1989)

In this court case dealing with abortion, the outcome did not completely overturn that of Roe v. Wade in 1973, but it seriously compromised the protection of abortion rights. By approving a Missouri law that imposed certain restrictions on abortion, the Court signaled that it was inviting the states to legislate in an area to which Roe had previously forbidden them to legislate.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

A Pennsylvania law that required spousal notification prior to obtaining an abortion was invalid under the Fourteenth Amendment because it created an undue burden on married women seeking an abortion. Requirements for parental consent, informed consent, and 24-hour waiting period were constitutionally valid regulations.

Robert Bork

Reagan appointee for judge, rejected due to extreme restraint views,his role in the media, his interest group involvement and his famous ‘Paper Trail’

Savings and loan crisis

a serious scandal emerged within the Savings and Loan industry, which the Reagan administration had helped deregulate in the early 1980’s. By the end of the decade the industry was in chaos, and the government was forced to step in to prevent a complete collapse. The cost of the debacle to the public eventually ran to more than half a trillion dollars.

Third world debt crisis

Economic trouble in the 1980s found many American banks holding near-worthless loans they had set upon Third World countries, especially Latin America. More banks and savings institutions were folding than at any time since the Great Depression in the 1930s.

Leveraged buyouts

Investors borrow money to buy a company, using the purchased company as collateral for the loan. Improves financial performance of the company, increases value, and sells for a big profit.

"Black Monday" (October 19, 1987)

-the dow jones dropped 22.6%, the largest single day drop since 1914 -causes included trade deficits, computerized trading, and american criticism of west germany’s economic policies -the crash later affected the insurance industry and was a cause of the savings and loan crisis

Gary Hart

The fore-runner for the Democratic nomination in the election of 1988. He was forced to drop out of the race in May 1987 after charges of sexual misconduct.

Jesse Jackson

United States civil rights leader who led a national anti-discrimination campaign and ran for presidential nomination (born in 1941)

Michael Dukakis

he was governor of Massachusetts & George Bush’s democratic opponent in the election of 1988 defeated Black candidate Jesse Jackson

George H. W. Bush

republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (panama, gulf war), raised taxes eventhough said he wouldnt, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation

Tiananmen Square (1989)

aka Beijing Massacre – Protests sparked by the death of Hu Waobang, party official known for tolerating discent. Lasted 7 weeks after Hu’s death. Early June PLA (peoples liberation army) came to the streets with tanks and troops and cleared Tiananmen Square with live fire.

Berlin wall (1989)

In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down. The fall of the wall marked an end to Soviet influence in the country and allowed for Germany to become reunited.

German reunification (1990)

After the fall of the Berlin wall, with the approval of the victorious Allied powers of World War II, the two Germanys, divided since 1945, were at last reunited in October 1990.

Boris Yeltsin

Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. The Yeltsin era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. In June 1991 Yeltsin came to power on a wave of high expectations. On June 12 Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic with 57% of the vote, becoming the first popularly elected president in Russian history. But Yeltsin never recovered his popularity after endorsing radical economic reforms in early 1992 which were widely blamed for devastating the living standards of most of the Russian population. By the time he left office, Yeltsin was a deeply unpopular figure in Russia, with an approval rating as low as two percent by some estimates.

Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991)

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the USSR began to dissolve into its component parts, some fifteen republics loosely confederated in the Commonwealth of Independent States, with Russia as the most powerful state. Gorbachev, now a leader without a country, resigned in December 1991.

Commonwealth of Independent States

an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991

START II accord (1993)

Signed between President Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin, this document committed both powers to reduce their long-range nuclear arsenals by two-thirds within ten years.

"Ethnic cleansing"

the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

Nelson Mandela

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation’s first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)

Panama invasion (1989)

Ordered by Bush in December 1989 to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega. The said purpose of the invasion was to stop Noriega from using the country as a "drug pipeline" to the US.

Manuel Noriega

Panama leader who was overthrown in a 1989 US invasion; Tried and imprisoned for drug trafficking

Saddam Hussein

As president of Iraq, Saddam maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, Saddam repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi’a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs everywhere for standing up to the West and for his support for the Palestinians, U.S. leaders continued to view Saddam with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Kuwait invasion (1990)

Saddam Hussein, ruler of Iraq, sent his armies to overrun Kuwait; oil fueled Saddam’s aggression—Iraq needed Kuwait’s oil to pay its huge war bills from the eight-year war with Iran US enmity for Islamic-fundamentalist Iran was intense & US policy-makers helped build Saddam’s military machine into a formidable force

Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf

while he served as Commander of U.S. Central Command & commander of the Coalition Forces in the Persian Gulf War of 1991 strategy was to soften the Iraq with relentless bombing, and then to suffocate them on the ground with a rush of troops

Operation Desert Storm (1991)

U.S.-led multi-country military engagement in January and February of 1991 that drove Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi army out of neighboring Kuwait. In addition to presaging the longer and more protracted Iraq War of the 2000s, the 1991 war helped undo what some called the "Vietnam Syndrome," a feeling of military uncertainty that plagued many Americans. (1050)

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (1990)

A person with a disability is defined by Rehab Act and ADA as a person who : has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, has a record of such an impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment (even if no impairment in fact exists, e.g. HIV positive)

Clarence Thomas (1991)

conservative Supreme Court jurist African-American nominated by Bush. His nomination was approved despite accusations from Anita Hill that he had sexually harassed her.

Anita Hill

a law professor. Former associate of Clarence Thomas, who accused him of sexual harassment in Senate Judiciary Committee hearings.

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

Albert Gore

Clinton’s vice-president and a candidate for the 2000 presidential election. His running caused on of the closest elections in history and a fiasco with the voting system.

Democratic Leadership Council

Created by Clinton and other centrist Democrats to point the party away from its traditional antibusiness, dovish, champion-of-the-underdog orientation and toward progrowth, strong defense, and anticrime policies.

H. Ross Perot

billionaire who ran in the 1992 election agaisnt Clinton and Bush as an independent. Wanted to end deficit spending.

"Don’t ask, don’t tell"

Under Clinton administration. Concerns allowing gays into military but forbids begin openly homosexual.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000 director of a task force charged with redesigning the medical-service industry

"Brady Bill"

law passed in 1993 requiring a waiting period on sales of handguns, along with a criminal background check on the buyer

Newt Gingrich

After the disagreement in the federal government over the budget between Republican leaders and the president, Public opinion turned quickly and powerfully against the Republican leadership and against much of its agenda. This controversial Republican Speaker of the House, quickly became one of the most unpopular political leaders in the nation, while President Clinton slowly improved his standing in the polls.

"Contract with America"

In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

Welfare reform bill (1996)

made deep cuts in welfare grants and required able-bodied welfare recipients to find employment (restricted immigration welfare)

Sen. Robert Dole

Clinton’s opponent and Republican nomination for president in the 1996 election. He lost to Clinton, who was re-elected.

California Proposition 209

Approved in 1996, this proposition prohibited affirmative-action preferences in government and higher education, causing the number of minority students in the state’s public universities to temporarily plummet.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1993)

Supported by Clinton, this created a free-trade zone encompassing Mexico, Canada and the United States.

World Trade Organization (WTO) (1994)

Promoted by Clinton, this organization was the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, taking a step toward a global free-trade system. This was highly protested within the United States.

"Globalization"

The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.

Sen. John McCain

Attempted the Republican nomination in 2000 on a platform for finance reform, which was strong but ultimately unsuccessful.

Columbine High School (1999)

On an April morning in 1999, two students at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, killed twelve fellow students and a teacher in the deadliest of a series of school shootings that shook the nation in the late 1990s. Caused a massive review and criticism of the abundance and accessibility of guns.

National Rifle Association (NRA)

Advocates for the protection of the Second Amendment of the United States Bill of Rights and the promotion of firearm ownership rights.

"Million Mom March"

This march in Washington DC was one of the most prominent examples of support for anti-gun laws. These measures, despite their support, would take a long time to be passed.

Somalia

a republic in extreme eastern Africa on the Somali Peninsula

Jean Bertrand Aristide

Haiti’s president that returned to power after a 3 year exile; the first president to be elected democratically

Slobodan Milosevic

he became the leader of Yugoslavia in 1987 and then waged a war against both Croatia and Bosnia during the 1990s – this conflict also marked the first direct military action waged by NATO

Kosovo

Region of Yugoslavia that had autonomy until Milosovic attempted to crush the Albanian group with ethnic cleansing; 1999 NATO used military strikes against Yugoslavia until the crisis came to an end in 1999

Yitzhak Rabin

The Israeli prime minister who agreed to grant the Palestinians their own land. In 1995 he was killed by Jewish extremists

Yasir Arafat

First leader of PLO- Palestinian liberation organization. Used aggressive terrorism to try to destroy Israel. Very actice throughout the 1970’s and 1980’s. To try to make peace with Israel, was put incharge of Palestinean Authority (PA).

Madeleine Albright

first woman to become United States Secretary of State. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996 and was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate 99-0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997.

Whitewater

(WJC) an Ame political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, [Jim and Susan McDougal] in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while govnr of AK, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, Kenneth Starr major player

Vincent W. Foster, Jr.

Allegations of scandal toward Clinton reached back to his prepresidential days in Arkansas, including a failed real estate investment known as Whitewater Land Corporation. The Clintons’ role in that deal prompted the appointment of a federal special prosecutor to investigate. Suspicions were especially aroused by the apparent suicide in 1993 of White House counsel and close Clinton associate Vincent W. Foster, Jr. who had handled the Clintons’ legal and financial affairs.

Monica Lewinsky

1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000

Paula Jones

The lawsuit against Clinton involving sexual scandal was brought by Paula Jones, who charged that Clinton had sexually harassed her when she was a state employee.

Kenneth Starr

Indeprendent cousel assigned to investigate various allegations of scandal in the Clinton Administration

Rep. Henry Hyde

In the Clinton case, House Judiciary Committee chairman Henry Hyde claimed that perjury and obstruction were grave public issues and that nothing less than the "rule of law" was at stake. He led the House Republican prosecutors of impeachment.

William Rehnquist

United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924)

Clinton impeachment/trial

Seen by the democrats as a right wing way to overturn the elections of 1992 and 1996, it was an attempt to remove him from office. Although neither impeachment charge was upheld by a Senate majority, Not even a 2/3 majority was established. The Republicans managed to damage Clinton’s reputation by making him the first president to be impeached since 1868.

Joseph Lieberman

Gores running mate and the first Jewish American ever to run for Vice President on a major party ticket

Ralph Nader

A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles.

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Dick Cheney

Bush’s Vice President and a Wyoming representative who was attacked numerous times for his considerable power given to him by the President and his policy-making.

Average American

The average American was older than in the sixties and more likely to live in the South or West, the traditional bastions of the "Old Right," where many harbored suspicions of federal power

Populist Political philosophy

Reagan preached a "populist" political philosophy that condemned federal intervention in local affairs, favoritism of minorities and elitism of arrogant bureaucrats

Neo Conservative

-supporting free-market capitalism, questioning liberal welfare programs and affirmative-action policies, and calling for reassertion of traditional values of individualism and the centrality of family.

ABC Movement

Disaffection with Carter ran in his own Democratic party where an "ABC" (Anybody but Carter) movement gathered and Senator Edward Kennedy emerged

Carter’s Farewell Adress

scale down the deadly arms race, to promote human rights, and to protest the environment (bill preserving Alaska land)

Sagebrush Rebellion

an anti-Washington movement to protest federal control over resources

Reagan & the Senate

Reagan had a Republican majority in the Senate but in the Democratic House he wooed a group of southern conservative Democrats—boll weevils

Reagan’s Economic Program

deep tax cuts, amounting to 25 percent reductions over a period of three years reforms lowered individual tax rates, reduced estate taxes, and created savings plans

window of vulnerability

Reagan wanted to close "this"—gov’t borrowing to cover deficits: kept interest rates high, which elevated the value of the dollar

Strategic Defense Initiative

Reagan pursued a missile-defense system cpopularly known as Star Wars (overall Soviet strategy) emphasized defense rather than offense; doubts constrained funding for SDI

Reaganomics

1980s; Reagan’s economic program which cut taxes and government regulation in order to increase productivity, and eventully increase tax revenue as cash flowed in the economy

Korean Airliner Incident

Korean passenger airliner was blasted from the sky for violating airspace and by the end of 1983, all arms-control negotiations with the Soviets was broken off

Lebanon Invasion

Israel invaded Lebanon seeking to suppress Palestinian fighter bases Reagan sent U.S. troops to Lebanon in 1983 as international peacekeeping force and after a suicide bomber killed 200 US marines on October 23, 1983, the president soon after withdrew remaining American troops

civil war in the Philippines

Reagan intervened in this by ordering air raid against Libya in 1986 for sponsoring terrorist attacks and escort of oil tankers through the Persian Gulf

movement conservatives

Members of the religious right practiced a form of "identity politics" but declared themselves Christian or pro-life voters; the right had prayer meetings; they mirrored tactics of civil disobedience

Ward’s Cove Packing v. Antonia and Martin v. Wilks

Court made it more difficult to prove that an employer practiced racial discrimination in hiring and made it easier for white males to argue that they were the victims of reverse discrimination

Carol Moseley-Braun

the first African-American women elected to the US Senate

Janet Reno

first female attorney general; in President Clinton’s cabinet

Donna Shalala

the secretary of health and human services; in President Clinton’s cabinet

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Clinton nominated her to the Supreme Court justice

deficit-reduction bill

combined with a moderately buoyant economy to shrink the federal deficit to its lower level in more than a decade

Hopwood v. Texas

(1996) Supreme Court case in which 2 white students sued University of Texas School of Law because they were allegedly denied admission because of the school’s affirmative action program; challenged the Bakke decision; use of race even as a means of achieving diversity on college campuses "undercuts the 14th Amendment"

Milliken v. Bradley

Supreme Court ruled in this case that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school-district lines. This reinforced the "white flight" that pitted the poorest whites and blacks against each other, often with explosively violent results.

University of California v. Bakke

Allan Bakke had not been admitted into U.C. because the university preferred minority races only; the Court ordered the college to admit Bakke.

Thurgood Marshall

The Supreme Court’s only black justice, warned that the denial of racial preferences might sweep away the progress gained by the civil rights movement.

Reagan’s Major Goal

reduce the size of the government by shrinking the federal budget and cutting taxes. He proposed a new federal budget that called for cuts of $35 billion, mostly in social programs like food stamps and federally-funded job-training centers.

Recession of 1982

Economy slipped into its deepest recession since the 1930s as unemployment rose and banks closed. The anti-inflationary polices were initiated by the Federal Reserve Board in 1979, during Carter’s presidency.

Why the income gap widened

Some economists located the sources of the economic upturn in the massive military expenditures. Reagan gave the Pentagon nearly $2 trillion in the 1980s. He plunged the government into major deficit that made the New Deal look cheap.

El Salvador

Reagan sent "military advisors" to (where) to prop up the pro-American government.

Grenada

he dispatched a heavy-fire-power invasion force to the island of (…..) , where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power. Overrunning the island and ousting the insurgents, American troops demonstrated Reagan’s determination to assert the dominance of the United States in the Caribbean.

Oliver North, Admiral Poindexter, &Secretary of Defense Weinberger.

The Iran-contra affair cast a shadow over the Reagan record in foreign policy, news of the secret dealings broke and ignited a firestorm of controversy Criminal indictments were brought against ….

$200 billion in annual deficits

Ronald Reagan had taken office vowing to stimulate the American economy by rolling back government regulations, lowering taxes, and balancing the budget. The combination of tax reduction and huge increases in military spending caused…

declined

In the early 1990s, median household income actually

Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, & Romania

Communist regimes collapsed in

Gorbachev Resigns

military coup attempted to preserve the communist system by trying to dislodge Gorbachev from power, with support of Boris Yelstin, the president of the Russian Republic. Gorbachev foiled the plotters. In December 1991, Gorbachev resigned as Soviet president. The demise of the Soviet Union finished to the Cold War.

Domestic Problems

By 1992, the unemployment rate had exceeded 7%, and the federal budget deficit continued to grow.

Clinton’s domestic influence

in 1996, Clinton had shrunk the federal deficit to its lowest levels in ten years. In July 1994, Clinton convinced Congress to pass a $30 billion anticrime bill.

Timothy McVeigh

who bombed a federal building in Oklahoma, killing 169 people.

Joe Klein

wrote Primary Colors, mirroring some of Clinton’s personal life/womanizing

1980 election

Carter v. Reagan. Carter was in a bad place because there was high inflation, 7.8% were unemployed, the Soviets had invaded Afghanistan and there was the Iran hostage crisis. Reagan blamed Carter for economic woes. Republicans gained control of the senate and got seats in the house. It was a change from the democratic coalition since the New Deal to Republicans in power.

1984 election

Reagan wins over democratic nominee Mondale; Mondale 1st to ever choose a woman VP nominee

1988 election

Republicans: George H W Bush Democrats: Mass. Gov. Michael Dukakis Bush wins in election of lowest turnout in 64 years

1992 election

George H W Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot; focus on stagnancy of economy and problems of middle class (Clinton)

1996 election

Clinton(D) v. Dole(R), Dole was a Senate leader who promised tax reduction, Clinton made comeback & took credit for rebounding economy & depicted Republicans as extremists, Clinton first democrat since FDR to be elected second term

2000 election

– Bush vs. Gore; Nader was the "spoiler" in the election; Gore won the popular vote, Bush won the electoral college; Supreme Court decided the outcome of the election by saying that a complete recount of the Florida ballots was not necessary