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Pioneers in the Western Frontier, 1850 |
– energetic, under 30 -annual westward movement, wanted internal improvements -poorly fed, ill-clad, shanties, disease, depression premature deaths -women: isolated, lonely, secluded -superstitious, ill-informed |
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George Catlin |
a painter who was among the first to advocate the preservation of nature as a national policy -Yellowstone National Park |
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Environment, 1820’s |
-depleted soil (tobacco), extinct beavers (fur trappers) -increased appreciation of land and nature |
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Urban Growth |
-rapid population growth > slums, bad streets, impure water, bad sewage, unsanitary -high birth rates, immigrants (displaced people) |
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Immigrants in 1830-1900 |
-Ireland: British gave poor conditions which led to famine and America served as the Land of Plenty, eventually became managers and owners -Irish, Jews, Africans, German Forty Eighters -Native (American) hated Irish -Irish hated African Americans |
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Push from Europe |
-Irish: bad potatoes, disease, hunger > British -German Forty Eighters: crop failures, hardships, no autocracy (came to America for democracy), and contributed to American culture -Militarism, wars |
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Know-Nothings |
-restrictions on immigration and naturalization -deportation of aliens |
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American vs Foreigners |
-Americans hated foreigners -"Outbreed, outvote natives" -helped America towards Industrial Revolution |
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Eli Whitney |
-Cotton Gin: made cotton highly profitable, south more dependent on slaves, both north and south prospered, New England dependent on US for clothes -Interchangeable Parts (muskets) |
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Robert Fulton |
American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) -went back and forth on river |
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Samuel Slater |
He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America’s factories. -increased labor problem -only benefitted employers, not workers -forbid unions |
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Worker Conditions |
-long hours, low wages, unsanitary, bad food, poor ventilation, child workers, mental, whipped, unions forbidden -improved with Jacksonian Democracy |
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Women in Industrial Revolution |
-before marriage: sewing jobs in industries, teaching, nursing, domestic serving, -marriage: isolated women, love marriages -female independence, less children |
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Catherine Beecher |
Female reformer that pushed for female employment as teachers; however, she still embraced the role of a good homemaker for women. She was an example of the fact that not all women were pushing for radical reforms. |
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Unions |
An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages. |
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New Economy: Women and Family |
-birth control (independence), love marriages -Children: more freedom, less obedient, punishments as lessons -families: affectionate, smaller |
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Farming Innovations |
-steel plow (John Deere) -mechanical mower reaper (Cyrus McCormick) -farmers grew debt because they bought too many tools and land |
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John Deere (1837) |
United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886) |
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Cyrus McCormick (1830s) |
Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America. |
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Roads, Steamboat, Telegraph, Railroad |
-faster trade/communication, defy nature -opened west and south -lower costs to ship -brought everyone closer |
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Clinton’s Big Ditch |
Erie Canal; fast travel, low shipping, brings industrial, agricultural prosperity |
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Market Revolution |
Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from the combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the dev of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR. Widened gap between rich and poor. |
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Natty Bumppo (James Fenimore Cooper) |
considered to be the first national literary hero |
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Captain Ahab |
Captain of Pequad in "Moby Dick". Obsessed so he sacrificed himself, his crew, and his boat |
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"Rugged Individualism" |
The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover. |
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"Rendezvous System" |
system designed by William Ashley to have fur trappers gather once a year to sell furs and buy supplies |
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Irish Potato Famine (1840s) |
The potato crops in Ireland became diseased and the Irish starved. Set off the immigration to the U.S. |
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Ancient Order of Hibernians |
A semisecret society founded in Ireland to fight rapacious landlords, served in America as a benevolent society, aiding the downtrodden. |
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Tammany Hall |
a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800’s and early 1900’s) seeking political control by corruption and bossism |
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Elias Howe and Isaac Singer |
Howe invented the sewing machine, which was perfected by Singer. This invention gave another boost to northern industrialization, specifically the read made clothing industry, It made clothes fit better and less expensive than homespun clothes. It also opened up a new line of employment for women, who began working in clothing factories. |
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Samuel F. B. Morse |
an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code |
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Lowell Mills |
textile mill located in a factory town in Massachusetts that employed farm girls who lived in company-owned boardinghouses |
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"Cult of Domesticity" |
the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house |
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DeWitt Clinton |
United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828) |
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Cyrus Field (1858) |
American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa. |
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Pony Express |
Service begun in 1860 that used a relay of riders on horses to deliver mail from Missouri to California in 10 days. |
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John Jacob Astor |
A new Yorker, he founded the American Fur company, he made so much more money in the fur treade that he became the richest man in the U.S. |
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Panic of 1819 |
Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. -expands voting rights to every white male |
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Speculation |
tightening credits and banks demand loans |
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National Republicans |
supporters of a strong central government who favored road building and supported the Bank of the United States to shape the nation’s economy; many were farmers or merchants -Clay, Adams, Webster |
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Democrats |
common man, states rights, liberty of individuals -Jackson, Calhoun |
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Eaton Affair |
John Eaton, Secretary of War, was rumored to have had an affair with Peggy Timberlake, whom he later married, before her husband died in 1828. She was snubbed by the wives of Jackson’s cabinet (led by Calhoun’s wife). The President wanted to help her because his wife had been the object of similar rumors. This turned Jackson against Calhoun, drew Van Buren and Jackson closer together and dissolved the Cabinet. Calhoun resigned the vice presidency the next year and entered the Senate for South Carolina. |
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Trail of Tears (1838-1839) |
Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey. |
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Tariff of Abomination |
1828 tariff on manufactured goods, South’s term for it because they had to pay inflated prices on manufactured goods while the cost of their cotton remained the same -threatened secession -nullification crisis |
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The Bank War |
Jackson was determined to destroy the Bank of the United States because he thought it was too powerful. He felt the Bank was unconstitutional and only benefited the rich., the name given to Andrew Jackson’s attack on the Second Bank of the United States during the early years of his presidency. Andrew Jackson viewed the Bank of the United States as a monopoly. The Bank of the United States was a private institution managed by a board of directors. Its president, Nicholas Biddle, exercised vast influence in the nation’s financial affairs and ripped people off. |
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Panic of 1837 |
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. |
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