APUSH Chapter 13 Vocab

1. Andrew Jackson

was a Democratic-Republican who was voted into office in 1828. The people wanted representation and reform from the administration of John Quincy Adams. believed that the people should rule. He was the first president from the west, and he represented many of the characteristics of the west. Jackson appealed to the common man as he was said to be one. He believed in the strength of the Union and the supremacy of the federal government over the state government.

2. John C. Calhoun

was a leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun eloquently spoke out on every issue of his day, but often changed positions.

3. Henry Clay

was a lawyer, politician and skilled orator who represented Kentucky separately in both the Senate and in the House of Representatives

4. Martin Van Buren

was the eighth President of the United States. Before his presidency, he was the eighth Vice President and the tenth Secretary of State, under Andrew Jackson.

5. William Crawford

Originally from Georgia, Crawford ran in the 1824 election representing the south. He was forced to drop out of the race due to a stroke.

6. John Quincy Adams

He was the sixth president of the United States. He was a republican from Mass. who was the first minority president. He served only four years, from 1824-1828. He could never gain the support of the Americans because he was a minority president. He was in favor of funding national research and he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. During his presidency the National Republicans were formed in support of him. He was essentially chosen by the House of Representatives.

7. Daniel Webster

was a nationalist from New Hampshire. He was involved in the Webster-Haynes debate over states’ rights. He served as Secretary of State under the Tyler administration. In 1836 he ran for the Presidency as a member of the Whig party, losing to Martin Van Buren. He was also America’s greatest orator.

8. Nicholas Biddle

was an American financier who served as the president of the Second Bank of the United States.

9. Osceola

also known as Billy Powell, became an influential leader with the Seminole in Florida. He was of Creek, Scots-Irish, and English parentage and had migrated to Florida with his mother after the defeat of the Creek in 1814.

10. Stephen Austin

was an American empresario born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri. He was known as the Father of Texas, led the second, but first legal and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

11. William Harrison

was the ninth President of the United States, an American military officer and politician, and the first president to die in office.

12. Sam Houston

was a nineteenth-century American statesman, politician, and soldier. He is best known for his leading role in bringing Texas into the United States.

13. John Tyler

was the tenth President of the United States (1841-1845), after being the tenth Vice President of the United States (1841). A native of Virginia, Tyler served as a state legislator, governor, U.S. representative, and U.S. senator before being elected Vice President in 1840. He was the first to succeed to the office of President on the death of the incumbent, succeeding William Henry Harrison.

14. Santa Anna

was a Native American War Chief of the Penateka band of the Comanche Indians.

15. Black Hawk

was a leader and warrior of the Sauk American Indian tribe in what is now the United States. Although he had inherited an important historic medicine bundle, he was not one of the Sauk’s hereditary civil chiefs. His status came from leading war parties as a young man, and from his leadership of a band of Sauks during the Black Hawk War of 1832.

16. William Travis

was a 19th-century American lawyer and soldier. At the age of 26, he was a lieutenant colonel in the Texas Army. He died at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution.

17. annexation

is the de jure incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous). Usually, it is implied that the territory and population being annexed is the smaller, more peripheral, and weaker of the two merging entities, barring physical size.

18. antislavery

is a movement to end slavery, whether formal or informal.

19. "favorite son"

a candidate nominated for office by delegates from his or her own state.

20. common man

a political leader who worked his way up to the top from the bottom. Andrew Jackson was the model common man. He had been orphaned, so he fought in the Revolutionary War at age thirteen. In the War of 1812, he became a hero and launched his political career soon after. He was like the rest of the country, and that’s why they liked him so much. The common man began to take over during the Jacksonian Democracy.

21. nullification

What: states that any law passed by the federal government can be declared null and void by the states When: 1828; the South was extremely upset about the extremely high Tariff of Abominations. " The South Carolina Exposition" written by John C. Calhoun denounced the tariff as unjust and unconstitutional. The document bluntly proposed that the states should nullify the Tariff. Why: The theory of this nullification was further publicized. The even more dangerous doctrine of secession was foreshadowed.

22. spoils system

a system that Andrew Jackson set up not long after his election into the presidency in 1828; it had already developed a strong hold in the industrial states such as New York and Pennsylvania; it gave the public offices to the political supporters of the campaign; the name came from Senator Marcy’s remark in 1832, "to the victor belongs the spoils of the enemy; made politics a full time business.

23. rotation in office

supported by the New Democracy; like the spoils system but used by Jackson, same as patronage-based on favors for those who helped another get into office; Jackson felt it made the government more democratic by having more participation, etc.

24. Democratic-Republicans

Once shortened to "Republicans", when Andrew Jackson came into power he renamed the party "Democrats". The Jacksonian Democrats were very democratic and were opposed to the Whigs. Jackson was a real common man and believed in the common man. Opposed to very strong national bank. When he was president the Whigs called him "King Jackson". This party is the present day Democratic party.

25. Anti-Masonic party

was basically against elite groups such as the Masons (a private organization). They were also opposed to Jackson, who was a Mason. The Anti-Masonic party did not hold much bearing while they existed.

26. "Revolution of 1828"

running candidates for president were John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson. When: 1828 Why: The election of 1828 is often called the "Revolution of 1828." There was an increased turnout of voters at this election. The large turnout proved that the common people now had the vote and the will to use it for their ends. The results of the election show that the political center of gravity was shifting away from the conservative seaboard East toward the emerging states across the mountains. The revolution was peaceful, achieved by ballots.

27. Twelfth Amendment

Amendment to the Constitution; Election of 1824, 1825; allowed the House of Representatives to elect John Q. Adams as President because Andrew Jackson received the most votes but did not get a majority of the votes; angered Jackson and his followers. p.235

28. "King Mob"

Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson’s presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy.

29. "corrupt bargain"

Immediately after John Quincy Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as Secretary of State. Jacksonians were furious because all former Secretaries of State became Presidents. This "corrupt bargain" occurred after the Election of 1824 when Andrew Jackson had the most electoral votes, but not majority. Then, Henry Clay (having the least of the electoral votes) gave them to John Q. Adams, giving him the majority and making him President. Jacksonians question whether John Q. Adams made Henry Clay Sec. of State for payback in giving his votes.

30. Tariff of Abominations

1) An extremely high tariff that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto. 2) 1828- Around Presidential elections 3)Jackson was elected as President.

31. South Carolina Exposition

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.

32. Tariff of 1832

Enacted on July 14, 1832, this was referred to as a protectionist tariff in the United States. The purpose of this tariff was to act as remedy for the conflict created by the Tariff of 1828. Mainly, the protective Tariff of 1828 was created in such a way that it intended to protect the industry in the north.

33. Specie Circular

was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by succeeding President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.[1]

34. "slavocracy"

is a ruling class, political order or government composed of (or dominated by) plantation owners.

35. Tariff of 1833

was proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis. It was adopted to gradually reduce the rates after southerners objected to the protectionism found in the Tariff of 1832 and the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, which had prompted South Carolina to threaten secession from the Union.

36. "Trail of Tears"

is a name given to the forced relocation and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

37. panic of 1837

was a financial crisis or market correction in the United States built on a speculative fever.[1] The end of the Second Bank of the United States had produced a period of runaway inflation, but on May 10, 1837, in New York City, every bank began to accept payment only in specie (gold and silver coinage), forcing a dramatic, deflationary backlash.

38. Force Bill

was initially enacted on March 2, 1833 to authorize U.S. President Andrew Jackson’s use of whatever force necessary to enforce Federal tariffs. It was intended to suppress South Carolina’s refusal to collect tariffs during the Nullification Crisis.

39. Seminole Indians

are a Native American people originally of Florida, who now reside primarily there and in Oklahoma.

40. Divorce Bill

It created the Independent Treasury thus "divorcing" the federal government from banking. It was written and passed after the Second bank of the United States expired in 1836.

41. Bank of the United States

was a central bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791.

42. Lone Star

texas

43. independent treasury

was a system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems. In one form or another, it existed from 1846 to 1921

44. Democratic party

started by andrew jackson. Liberal, progressives, left libertarians.

45. "pet" banks

is a pejorative term for state banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833. They were also named "Wildcat Banks". They were made among the big U.S. bank when President Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter for the Second Bank of the United States, proposed by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay four years before the recharter was due.

46. Whig party

was a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s,[1] the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party.