APUSH ch27

Josiah Strong

Pious missionaries,were inspired by books like Strong’s Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, and looked overseas for new souls to harvest. Strong trumpeted the superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization and summoned Americans to spread their religion and their values to the "backward" peoples. He cast his seed on fertile ground

Alfred Mahan

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s book of 1890, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance. Read by the English, Germans, and Japanese, as well as by his fellow Americans, Mahan helped stimulate the naval race among the great powers that gained momentum around the turn of the century. Redblooded Americans joined in the demands for a mightier navy and for an American-built isthmian canal between the Atlantic and the Pacific.

Richard Olney

President Cleveland, a champion of righteousness and no lover of Britain, at length decided upon a strong protest. His no less pugnacious secretary of state, ___, was authorized to present to London a smashing note, which Cleveland later dubbed a "twenty-inch gun" blast. Olney declared in effect that the British, by attempting to dominate Venezuela in this quarrel and acquire more territory, were flouting the Monroe Doctrine. London should therefore submit the dispute to arbitration. Not content to stop there, Olney haughtily informed the world’s number one naval power that the United States was now calling the tune in the Western Hemisphere

British Guiana

America’s anti-British feeling, which periodically came to a head, flared ominously in 1895-1896 over Venezuela. For more than a half-century, the jungle boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela had been in dispute. The Venezuelans, whose claims on the whole were extravagant, had repeatedly urged arbitration. But the prospect of a peaceful settlement faded when gold was discovered in the contested area.

Great Rapprochement

Sometimes called the Great Rapprochement—or reconciliation—between the United States and Britain, the new Anglo-American cordiality became a cornerstone of both nations’ foreign policies as the twentieth century opened

Queen Liliuokalani

last monarch of the Hawaiian Islands, whose defense of native HI self-rule led to white immigrants’ revolt in 1893 (because Queen resisted US annexing HI), which led to her dethronement ; the revolt was openly assisted by US troops who landed under the unauthorized orders of the expansionist US minister in Honolulu

General Weyler

The Butcher, Spanish general sent to Cuba in 1896 to crush the Cuban rebellion. He herded many civilians into barbed wire concentration camps so they could not give assistance to the armed fighters. The conditions in these camps were terrible and many civilians died. As bad as general Weyler was, his actions were magnified in the American press and Spain recalled him in 1897.

Dupuy de Lome Letter

This was a private letter written by the Spanish minister in Washington Dupuy de Lôme, to his home office in Spain. It unflatteringly described President McKinley as an ear to the ground politician who lacked good faith. Randolph Hearst stole it from the mail and published it in his paper. It resulted in public uproar forcing de Lôme to resign.

Teller Amendment

On April 11, 1898 McKinley sent a war message to Congress urging armed intervention to free the oppressed Cubans. This was favorably received by Congress which responded with a declaration of war. The Teller Amendment was an amendment to this declaration which declared that when the United States had overthrown Spanish rule of Cuba it would give the Cubans their freedom. The imperial powers of Europe were skeptical, however the United States withdrew from Cuba in 1902 as promised.

Teddy Roosevelt

during Spanish-American War, led volunteer regiment of Rough Riders, who participated in the Battle of San Juan Hill; assistant secretary of the navy under President McKinley; governor of New York; became the youngest ever president (the 26th) in 1901 following the assassination of McKinley; ushered in an era of progressivism; known for being a strong conservationist, completing the Panama Canal, his "Big Stick Diplomacy, making several efforts to help the working man through unions and to stop trusts (being a trustbuster), advocating a "Square Deal" approach to dealing with capital and labor, and creating the Food and Drug Administration; won Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation end of Russo-Japanese War; had a falling out with his hand-picked successor, William Howard Taft; ran for a third term, even though he had promised he would not, as the "Bullmoose Party" candidate

George Dewey

Commander of the American Asiatic Squadron based in Hong Kong. He was ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. On May 1, 1898 he destroyed all of the Spanish ships in Manila Bay killing 400 Spanish sailors without losing a single US sailor. However he was unable to attack the Spanish troops and had to wait for American army reinforcements. On August 13, 1898 American troops arrived and captured Manila.

Emiliano Aguinaldo

This was the commander of the Filipino insurgents who had been brought back to the Philippines by Commodore Dewey from Asia with the hope that he might weaken Spanish resistance. In 1899 Aguinaldo, who supported Filipino independence, led his fighters against US troops. He was captured in 1901 by US troops.

Rough Riders

This was a regiment of volunteer soldiers commanded by Col. Leonard Wood, but had been organized principally by Peter Roosevelt who had resigned from the Navy Department in order to join the war with Spain. These troops were primarily from the West and were bent on glory. They participated in fighting on 1 July at el Caney and Kettle Hill. Roosevelt enjoyed the battle, wrote a book about it, and used his membership in the Rough Riders for political purposes for the rest of his career. After leaving the Rough Riders he became governor of New York.

San Juan Hill

A hill near Santiago de Cuba, the scene of a decisive 1 July 1898 battle during the Spanish-American War. This was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the war and the greatest victory of the Rough Riders as claimed by Roosevelt. The Rough Riders played a central role in the victory but for also supported by black soldiers of the 24th and 25th infantry regiments.

Anti-imperialist League

This was the most important of many groups opposed to the imperialist actions of the United States under McKinley. This group was composed of a variety of prominent people to include the presidents of Stanford and Harvard universities, philosophers, writers, industrial giants and labor leaders. Their major point was that these imperial actions ran counter to the anti-imperialist beginnings of the United States. They also felt it was wrong that though the US said it was liberating people like the Filipinos, the US did not grant independence to these people.

Foraker act

The Foraker act of 1900 gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and in 1917 granted them US citizenship.

Insular Cases

These were a series of US Supreme Court cases concerning the status of territories acquired by the US by the Spanish-American war in 1898. The court said that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend completely to all areas under American control.

General Leonard Wood

As an Army Col., he commanded the Rough Riders. He was promoted to general and made military governor of Cuba. Under his leadership financial, educational, agricultural, and public health advances were made. Yellow fever was eradicated.

Walter Reed

Army physician whose experiments led to the discovery of the cause of yellow fever. Yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes and so the disease could be eradicated by eliminating mosquito breeding grounds. This was done in Cuba and again during the construction of the Panama Canal.

Platt Amendment

This was a 1901 amendment to a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress that replaced the earlier Teller amendment. It defined the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops from Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American war. The amendment insured US involvement in Cuban affairs and gave legal standing to US claims to certain territories on the island including Guantánamo Bay Naval base.

Guantanamo

This is a 28,000 acre beach area that the United States still occupies as a naval base on the island of Cuba. The legal basis for that occupation is the Platt Amendment of 1901.

Jingoism

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Filipino Insurrection

febuary 4,1899 E. Aguinaldo, who supported Filipino independence, led his fighters against US troops. Angry b/c Cuba got their independence after the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the Philipines were not freed; Waged guerilla warfare, US troops used the "water cure" (process getting info from POWs) & built reconcentration camps (like General Weyler in Cuba’s) He was captured in 1901 by US troops.

William Howard Taft

civil gov of the Philippines in 1901, 27th President of the United States and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1857-1930)

Benevolent Assimilation

President McKinley’s goal/policy intended to adapt the Philippines to American ways. This included schools to teach English, improvement of roads, sanitation, and public health, and establishing economic ties between the Philippines and the US. This endeavor was costly, profited Americans little, and was met with resistance from the Filipinos.

Open Door Policy

a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China & would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition; [Italy alone accepted the Open Door unconditionally. Britain, Germany, France, and Japan all accepted, but subject to the condition that the others acquiesce unconditionally. Russia, with covetous designs on China’s Manchuria, politely declined. But John Hay (Secretary of State) artfully interpreted the Russian refusal as an acceptance and proclaimed that the Open Door was in effect.] Hay did not consult the Chinese prior and this caused the Boxer Rebellion in 1900.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

Bully Pulpit

the president’s use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public; TR believed that the president should lead, boldly; had no respect for the delicate checks and balances and felt that the pres. may take any action in the general interest that is not specifically forbidden by the laws of the Constitution

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901 permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal and fortify it ; permitted by the British in order to make friends with US in hope of future support against Germany, replaced the old Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Eng.; negociated under Roosevelt; greatly facilitated trade

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

the wily representative of the French company building the Panama Canal, he helped Panama rebel against Colombia and become and independent country and then negotiate a treaty with the US (Hay-Pauncefote Treaty) that made the canal zone 10 miles wide for $10 million down and $250,000 a year

Colonel George Washington Goethals

____ ultimately brought the Panama canal to completion In 1914 at an initial cost of about $400 million, just as World War I was breaking out.

Colonel William C. Gorgas

determined exterminator of the yellow fever in havana, ultimately made the canal zone "as safe as a health resort." At a cost of some $400 million

Roosevelt Corollary

This was Roosevelt’s modification of the Monroe doctrine which stated that if the Latin American nations became indebted to nations outside of the Americas, the United States would intervene in order to keep European influence out of this hemisphere.

Dominican Republic

Shares the other half of an island with Haiti. The Dominican Republic was in debt to European creditors (UK and Germany), as was Venezuela. This gave those European countries too much influence in the Americas. It led to the Roosevelt Corollary; In 1905, the U.S. imposed financial restrictions upon this Caribbean nation. Part of making sure Latin America traded with the U.S. and not Europe.

Bad Neighbor

The Roosevelt Corollary modified the Monroe doctrine and was used to justify wholesale interventions and repeated landings of the Marines throughout Latin America. It became apparent to the Latin American countries that rather than providing a protective shield, the Monroe Doctrine was being used as a cloak behind which the US sought to bully them.

Russo-Japanese War

A brief conflict between Russia and Japan lasting from February 1904 to September 1905. Russia desired an ice free seaport for its Siberian territories. It wanted Port Arthur in Manchuria, China, for this purpose. Japan felt Russian control of Port Arthur was too threatening so it preemptively defeated the Russian fleet there. They defeated the Russians several more times in Manchuria but began to run out of soldiers and funds to continue the war. Roosevelt was asked to intervene which he did rather clumsily. He was however awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1906 for settling the war.

Portsmouth Conference

Portsmouth, New Hampshire was the site of the Portsmouth Conference of 1905 which settled the Russo-Japanese War. Though the conflict was ended, neither side was happy; and American relations with Russia and Japan, which were once good, had soured. The Russians accused Roosevelt of robbing them of military victory and Japan felt robbed of its due compensation.