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New Freedom |
Platform of reforms advocated by W. Wilson in his first presidential campaign, including stronger anti-trust legislation to protect small business enterprises from the monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions. Wilson’s strategy involved taking action o increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing government regulation of large trusts. |
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New Nationalism |
A state-interventionist reform program made in 1912 by journalist Herbert Croly and advocated by Teddy Roosevelt during his Bull Moose campaign. Teddy did not object to continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions. He sought to create stronger regulatory agencies to insure that they operate to serve the public interest, not the private gain. |
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Underwood Tariff |
(1913) This tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened. |
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Federal Reserve Act |
An act establishing 12 regional Federal REserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the pres. to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the volatile banking sector. The law carried the nation through the financial crises of the 1st World War of 1914-1918. |
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Federal Trade Commission Act |
A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson’s administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods. |
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Clayton Anti-Trust Act |
Law extending the anti-trust protections of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations from anti-monopoly constraints; The act conferred long overdue benefits on labor. |
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holding companies |
A company that owns part or all of the other companies’ stock in order to extend monopoly control. Often, a holding company does not produce goods or services of its own but only exists to control other companies. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 sought to clamp down on these companies when they obstructed competition. |
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Workingmen’s Compensation Act |
Passed under Woodrow Wilson, this law granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability. It was a precursor to labor-friendly legislation passed during the New Deal. |
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Adamson Act |
(1916) This law established an eight-hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime. It was the first federal law regulating the hours of workers in private companies, and was upheld by the Supreme Court Wilson v. New (1917). |
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Jones Act |
(1916) Law according territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The U.S. did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946. |
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Tampico Incident |
An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the US and Mexico. |
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Central Powers |
Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, made up this alliance against the Allies in WW1. |
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Allies |
Great Britain, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United State, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in WW1. |
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U-boats |
German submarines, named for the German Unterseeboot, or "undersea boat," proved deadly for Allied ships in the war zone. U-boat attacks played an important role in drawing the United States into the war. |
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Lusitania |
British passenger liner torpedoed and sank by Germany on May 7, 1915. It ended the lives of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the United States closer to war. |
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