apush Ch. 27 terms

Battle of Birmingham (1963)

In 1963, Reverend King launched a campaign to end segregation in all public facilities. King and his followers staged non-violent marches and demonstrations. Police chief Bull Connor, responded by ordering the police to attack with fire hoses and police dogs. The Kennedy administration and Americans across the country were shocked by the images they a saw on TV and in national newspapers. As a result, support for the civil rights movement grew.

Fair Employment Practices Commission

FDR issued this committee in 1941 to enforce the policy of prohibiting employment-related discrimination practices by federal agencies, unions, and companies involved in war-related work. It guaranteed the employment of 2 million black workers in the war factories.

Freedom Riders

In 1961, the group was organized of mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement.

Greensboro Sit-ins

In 1960, black students politely order food from restaurant, but were not served. They decided to sit in place for days, gathering supporters for this racial segregation.

Black Panthers

An African American organization established in 1966 to promote Black Power and self-defense through acts of social agitation. They achieved national and international presence through their deep involvement in the local community, often involved with the Black Power Movement. The movement had provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes permanently altered the contours of American Identity.

Black Power

A slogan in the 1950’s used to reflect solidarity, self-reliance, and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community. It urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.

Bloody Sunday

After a march to Montgomery Alabama in March of 1965 Wallace authorized State Troops to stop the march, beating and killing strikers.

Brown v. Board of Education

The 1954 court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. It overturned Plessy v. Ferguson which took place in 1896.

Central High School, Little Rock, AR

In 1957, Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students would attend class.

Cesar Chavez

A non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. He organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. He also unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

Civil Rights Act (1957)

In 1957, this act created the United States commission on civil rights to investigate systematic discrimination in areas such as voting.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

In 1964, this act outlawed segregation of public accommodations. It also established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce the law, it made the federal government responsible for finding instances of discrimination, and it made illegal discrimination based on race, religion, ethnic origin, or gender. Unfortunately, the act did not effectively address many problems associated with voting rights.

CORE

A non-violent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V" campaign, or victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE became a major force in the civil rights movement.

Declaration of Constitutional Principles

More than a hundred southern congressional representatives and senators signed this in deceleration in 1956, pledging their unyielding resistance to desegregation.

Double V Campaign

In 1942, this campaign, popularized by American Black Leaders during WW2, emphasized the need for double victory over Germany and Japan and also over racial prejudice in the U.S. Many blacks who fought in WW2 were disappointed that the America they returned to still hate racial tension.

Edmund Pettus Bridge

The Selma march led by MLK jr. They crossed the Alabama River in March of 1965 over this bridge. King startd to lead the match but was stopped and had to return back to the church.

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. His death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Malcolm X

This man was a disciple of Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam. He openly criticized Dr. King and his followers as "Uncle Toms" who had sold themselves out to whites. While not advocating the use of violence, he did encourage followers to respond to violence, perpetrated against them with violence in self-defense. This man took his requisite Hajj to Mecca and returned a changed man in 1964. Preaching love and understanding, he left the Nation of Islam and was assassinated in 1965.

March on Washington (1963)

A massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, it was the occasion of Martin Luther King’s famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus. Following, MLK jr led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal thanks to Parks and King.

Southern Manifesto

A southern document in 1956 signed by more than a hundred southern politicians. It stated that the states could nullify federal laws that they didn’t like and pressured southern states to ignore and reject the Brown decision.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

In 1960, it was one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement. It emerged from a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker, and it grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North.

Thurgood Marshall

Born in 1908, he was the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education.

Twenty-fourth Amendment

Instituted in 1964, it prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. Essentially it made voting free.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

A 1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote.