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Al-Ghazali |
definition: Islamic theologian who struggled to fuse Greek and Koranic traditions significance: |
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Quran (Koran) |
definition: the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina significance: Basis of the Islamic faith |
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Hijra |
definition: The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam significance: Founded Islam |
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Umma |
definition: the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan significance: Provided peace along these lands |
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Sharia |
definition: the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Muhammed significance: Sharia is still used today, prohibits actions according to Islam, demonstrates Muhammad’s influences |
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Umayyad |
definition: the dynasty caliphs whose capital was Damascus, one of the largest empires ever significance: Spanned large areas of land that facilitated trade and brought unity |
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Shia |
definition: the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad significance: source of many debates, one of the largest Islamic denominations |
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Abbasid |
definition: The dynasty that came after the Umayyads, devoted their energy to trade, scholorship, and the arts significance: ushered in an era of flourishing of the dar al-Islam |
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Ulama |
definition: Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology significance: Ensured observance of Islamic traditions |
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Al-Andalus |
definition: Arabic name given to a nation in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims significance: Demonstrated the expansive realm of Islam |
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Sufism |
definition: a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life significance: most successful missionaries, helped spread |
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Hajj |
definition: the fifth pillar of Islam, a pilgrimage to Mecca significance: A large part of a Muslim’s life, symbol of religious unity |
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Pillars of Islam |
Islamic faith: shahada (confession of faith), salat (prayer), zakat (almsgiving), sawm (fasting, especially during the month of Ramadan), and hajj (the pilgrimage to Mecca |
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Jizya |
Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories, Eliminated by Akbar during his reign, but reinstated by other rulers. |
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Sikihism |
a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. |
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Ibn Battuta |
Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler. He is known for his traveling and going on excursions called the Rihla. His journeys lasted for a period of almost thirty years. |
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Timbuktu |
A city of central Mali near the Niger River northeast of Bamako. Founded in the 11th century by the Tuareg, it became a major trading center (primarily for gold and salt) and a center of Islamic learning by the 14th century. |
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Mansa Musa |
14th century emperor of the Mali Empire, is the medieval African ruler most known to the world outside Africa. His elaborate pilgrimage to the Muslim holy city of Mecca in 1324 introduced him to rulers in the Middle East and in Europe. |
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madrassas |
is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion) |
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House Of Wisdom |
An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun |
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Ibn Sina |
One of the greatest polymaths of the Islamic world, a Persian who wrote prolifically on scientific and philosophical issues |
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