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The Great Dying |
The explorers and conquistadors from the New World brought diseases with them that the Native Americans had no immunity to. Perhaps as many as 60 to 80 million Native Americans died from these diseases./This mass dying caused the social breakdown of Native American societies. |
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Smallpox |
One of the diseases that destroyed the Native American population./Small pox contributed greatly to the defeat of the Aztecs. |
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The Columbian Exchange |
This term has come to represent the mass exchange of peoples, trade, disease, plants and animals that was the result of European colonial empires settling the Americas./This was the first time in history that there was widespread interaction across the Atlantic, connecting the four continents. |
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Potatoes |
New World crops such as the potato spread to the Old World./These new crops provided enough new nutrition to cause immense population growth increasing the population of Europe from 60 million to 390 million in 500 years. |
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silver mines |
The silver mines of Mexico and Peru provided riches for Spain and enabled Europeans to buy tea, silk and porcelain from the China./These riches led to both commerce across the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and began the process of globalization that characterizes the world today. |
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Mercantilism |
European view that encouraged exports and the accumulation of precious metals. Colonies were considered advantages because they provided markets for the manufactured goods of the "mother country" and sometimes even provided supplies of precious metals or bullion/Mercantilist thinking brought about wars and rivalries between European countries and their colonies. |
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Creoles |
Spaniards born in the Americas were called creoles./Creoles often resented those born in Spain who thought they were better. |
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Mestizo |
Mestizos were people in the new colonial societies in Mexico and Peru who were mixed-race of Spanish and Indian decent./Spaniards often looked down on mestizos as illegitimate. |
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sugar plantations |
Plantations on sugar-based colonies which produced crops almost exclusively for export. These colonies had to import their food and other necessities./Slaves worked in terrible conditions on sugar plantations. |
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Mulatto |
People of the mixed-races of Portuguese and Africans which comprised a substantial portion of the population./Such mixed-race people made up most of the skilled workforce and the supervisors in the sugar industry. |
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Russian Empire |
The expansion of Russia over northern Asia as well as westward to incorporate Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, Belorussians and Baltic peoples./The Russian Empire became the world’s largest state. |
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Qing Dynasty |
Qing rulers conquered China from Manchuria, north of the Great Wall. They forbid intermarriage between themselves and Chinese, but spoke Chinese, studied Confucius and used Chinese bureaucratic techniques to govern the empire./ The Qing Dynasty brought Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet solidly under Chinese control. |
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Treaty of Nerchinsk |
This treaty established the boundary between Russia and China./ The Chinese were threatened by the eastward movement of the Russian Empire. |
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Mughal |
Central Asian warriors conquered India./These Mughals were Muslims with a Turkic culture who claimed to be descendants of Chinggis Khan and Timur ./They maintained political unity in India for 200 years. |
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Akbar |
Mughal emperor in India who accommodated the Hindu religion and incorporated substantial numbers of Hindus into the elite of the empire./Akbar supported the building of Hindu temples along with mosques, palaces, and forts. |
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Aurangzeb |
Mughal emperor in India who reversed Akbar’s policy of accommodating Hindus and who sought to impose Islamic supremacy./Some Hindu temples were destroyed and jizya, "Censors of public morals," enforced Islamic law. |
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Sati |
Hindu practice in which a widow killed herself after her husband’s death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre./Aurangzeb outlawed the practice during his reign. |
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Sultan |
The king of the Turks in the Ottoman Empire was called Sultan./The Turkish sultan was a combination of a warrior prince, a caliph and a conquering emperor. |
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Ottoman Empire |
The Ottoman Empire surrounded the Mediterranean Sea and marked the dominance of Turkic people in this part of the world and as the leaders of the Islamic world./The Turks conquered Constantinople and large numbers of the population of Anatolia converted to Islam. |
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Janissary |
An elite military unit under Ottoman Empire created from the forced education of young boys from Balkan Christians who were raised to be Muslim and trained for military service./This practice did provide a means of upward mobility within the Ottoman Empire. |
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