AP US History Chp 10

Between 1820 and 1840, the population of the United States
A. rapidly grew, in part, due to improved public health.
B. saw the proportion of enslaved blacks to free whites increase.
C. increased at a slower rate than in Europe.
D. remained relatively constant.
E. grew in spite of a very low birth rate in America

A. rapidly grew, in part, due to improved public health (264)

In 1860, the percentage of the population in free states living in towns (2,500+ people) was
A. seven percent.
B. thirteen percent.
C. twenty-six percent.
D. thirty-nine percent.
E. forty-two percent

C. twenty-six percent (265)

Which city did NOT owe its growth to the Great Lakes?
A. Milwaukee
B. Chicago
C. Cleveland
D. Cincinnati
E. Buffalo

D. Cincinnati (265)

Before 1860, the largest single group of arriving Irish immigrants was
A. young, single men.
B. families.
C. children.
D. skilled laborers.
E. young, single women

E. young, single women

Prior to 1860, hostility among native-born Americans toward immigrants was spurred, in part, by
A. the refusal by immigrants to adopt to American culture.
B. fears of political radicalism.
C. the ability of immigrants to command high wages.
D. concerns that immigrants generally did not participate in politics.
E. the effect they had on the falling price of African slaves

B. fears of political radicalism (268)

After 1852, the "Know-Nothings" created a new political organization called the
A. Copperheads.
B. Republican Party.
C. Nativist Party.
D. Libertarian Party.
E. American Party

E. american Party (269)

The Erie Canal was
A. limited to flat land.
B. built entirely by private investors.
C. built without either locks or gates.
D. a tremendous financial success.
E. a great boon to the growth of Philadelphia

D. a tremendous financial success (271)

Which of the following statements regarding American railroads in the 1850s is FALSE?
A. Railroads helped weaken the connection between the Northwest and the South.
B. Most railroad "trunk lines" were reduced or eliminated.
C. Long distance rail lines weakened the dependence of the West on the Mississippi River.
D. Chicago was the railroad center of the West.
E. Private investors provided nearly all the capital for rail development

B. Most railroad "trunk lines weakened the dependence of the West on the Mississippi river (273)

Before the 1830s, American corporations could be chartered only by
A. an act of Congress.
B. presidential executive order.
C. state legislatures.
D. a public vote.
E. a state governor

C. state Legislatures (276)

By 1860, factories in the United States
A. were concentrated in the Northeast.
B. produced goods whose total value greatly exceeded the nation’s agricultural output.
C. employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing labor force.
D. All these answers are correct.
E. None of these answers is correct

A. were concentrated in the Northeast (277)

By 1860, the energy for industrialization in the United States increasingly came from
A. water.
B. kerosene.
C. coal.
D. gasoline.
E. wood

C. coal (277)

In the 1820s and 1830s, the labor force for factory work in the United States
A. saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs.
B. consisted mostly of European immigrants.
C. was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production.
D. All these answers are correct.
E. None of these answers is correct

E. none of these answers is correct (278)

When the Lowell factory system began
A. craftsmen were part of the production system.
B. workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories.
C. workers had few benefits outside of a set wage scale.
D. the work day ended when production quotas were met.
E. workers rarely stopped working in the mills until retirement

B. workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories (278)

In the 1840s, the dominant immigrant group in New England textile mills was the
A. Irish.
B. Germans.
C. English.
D. Italians.
E. Chinese

A. Irish (281)

The republican tradition in the United States included the tradition of
A. the skilled artisan.
B. the yeoman farmer.
C. the industrial entrepreneur.
D. the skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer.
E. the yeoman farmer and the industrial entrepreneur

D. the skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer (282)

The early union movement among skilled artisans
A. was weakened by the Panic of 1837.
B. was generally supported by state governments.
C. attempted to create one collective national trade union.
D. welcomed working women as members.
E. was strengthened by the influx of immigrant laborer

A. was weakened by the Panic of 1837 (282)

All of the following factors inhibited the growth of labor unions EXCEPT
A. the large number of immigrant workers.
B. the political strength of industrial capitalists.
C. ethnic divisions among workers.
D. the question of whether to include women members.
E. hostile laws and hostile courts

D. the question of whether to include women members (282)

Prior to 1860, American urban society
A. considered the conspicuous display of wealth to be poor social behavior.
B. saw the wealthy people move toward the outer edges of cities.
C. included a substantial number of destitute poor.
D. saw the Irish immigrants have less rights than free blacks.
E. None of these answers is correct

C. included a substantial number of destitute poor (283)

Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United States
A. increased as most of the working class dropped down the economic ladder.
B. increased as the gap between the wealthy and the poor widened.
C. was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class.
D. decreased as immigration diversified society.
E. increased as a result of geographical mobility

C. was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class(285)

The growth of commerce and industry allowed more Americans the chance to become prosperous
without
A. a professional education.
B. producing a product or service.
C. owning land.
D. capital.
E. marrying

C. owning land (285)

Prior to 1860, the most significant invention for middle-class American homes was the
A. cast-iron stove.
B. air conditioner.
C. icebox.
D. electric iron.
E. telegraph

A. cast-iron stove (285)

Compared to 1800, in 1860 urban American families
A. had a declining birth rate.
B. were more likely to see their children leave home in search of work.
C. were more likely to see income earners work outside the home.
D. All these answers are correct.
E. None of these answers is correct

D. all these answers are correct (286)

All of the following statements regarding American leisure activities prior to 1860 are true EXCEPT
A. Shakespeare was the nation’s most popular playwright.
B. reading was a principle leisure activity among affluent Americans.
C. minstrel shows were increasingly popular.
D. popular tastes in public spectacle tended toward the bizarre and fantastic.
E. unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class

E. unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class (289)

In 1860, the typical white male American of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) was
A. the owner of a family farm.
B. a marginal farmer.
C. a farmhand who did not own his own land.
D. an industrial worker.
E. an urban artisan

A. the owner of a family farm (293)

The main staple crop of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) was
A. barley.
B. soy.
C. corn.
D. wheat.
E. cotton

D. wheat (293)

In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick improved grain farming when he patented his
A. tractor.
B. thresher.
C. plow.
D. reaper.
E. mower

D. reaper (293)

Immigration contributed little to the American population in the first three decades of the nineteenth century (True/false)

True (265)

Much of the new pre-Civil War immigration went into the growing cities of the northeastern part of
the United States (true/false)

True (265)

Most of the pre-Civil War Irish and German immigrants who came to the United States did so as families, as opposed to single men and women (true/false)

False (267)

The Erie Canal was the greatest construction project Americans had ever undertaken (true/false)

True (271)

The development of a railroad system weakened connections between the Northwest and the South (true/false)

true (273)

In 1844, Samuel Morse showed off his invention by telegraphing news of Zachary Taylor’s
nomination for the presidency over the wires from Baltimore to Washington (true/false)

false (275)

By 1860, over half of the manufacturing establishments in the United States were located west of the Mississippi River (true/false)

false (277)

Given the rapid increase in population, recruiting a labor force was a fairly easy task in the early years
of the American factory system (true/false)

false (278)

By 1860, the number of American inventions to receive patents was nearly 2,000 (true/false)

false (278)

The paternalistic nature of the Lowell factory system lasted through the Civil War (true/false)

false (280)

Commonwealth v. Hunt was a Massachusetts Supreme Court case which declared that labor unions were lawful organizations (true/false)

true (282)

In most cities of the East prior to the Civil War, the income gap between rich and poor was gradually narrowed (true/false)

false (283)

The fastest-growing group in America prior to the Civil War was the working poor (true/false)

false (285)

For most Americans in the nineteenth century, vacations were rare (true/false)

true (289)

The pre-Civil War "cult of domesticity" left women increasingly detached from the public world (true/false)

true (292)

As of the middle of the nineteenth century, the typical citizen of the Northwest was a poor, marginal farmer (true/false)

true (292)

The Northwest was the most self-consciously democratic section of the United States, but it was also a relatively conservative part of the country (true/false)

true (293)

Prior to 1860, rural Americans rarely had contact with the rest of the world (true/false)

false (294)

In the early 1850s a new political body called the American Party was created by a group called the "____________________."

know nothings (269)

When it was completed, the _____________________ was the greatest construction project Americans had yet undertaken

Erie Canal

The first railroad company actually to begin operations was the ___________________

Baltimore and Ohio (273)

By the mid-nineteenth century, the rail center of the West was _________________

Chicago (273)

The primary assistance from the federal government to railroad companies came in the form of _________________

Public land Grants (275)

Samuel Morse invented the ________________

telegraph (275)

The first American cooperative news gathering organization was called the ________________

Associated Press (275)

Corporate development was aided by laws permitting a system of ________________ for individual stockholders

Limited Liability (276)

The most profound economic development in mid-nineteenth-century America was the rise of the
______________

factories (277)

The process for vulcanizing rubber was discovered by _________________

Charles Goodyear (278)

Elias Howe’s invention of the __________________ had an impact on both family life and the Civil
War

sewing machine (278)

The recruitment of young women to work and live in a factory setting was called the
______________ or Waltham system

Lowell (279)

Elaborate rooms with lush dark colors and heavy furniture and drapes were characteristic of the
______________ style

Victorian

In New York City, the construction of _______________ resulted primarily from pressure from members of high society

Central Park (283)

The most popular playwright in America in the 1830s was ______________

Shakespeare (290)

The American Museum which showcased human oddities was opened by ________________

P.T. Barnum

The automatic reaper was invented by ______________, while the machine thresher was invented by Case

Cyrus McCormick (293)

In the 1820s and 1830s, railroads

Played a relatively small rold in the nation’s transportation system.

As the Lowell factory system progressed into the 1840s,

The owners increasingly used immigrants as their labor force.

Before 1860, the development of machine tools by the United States government resulted in the

Turret Lathe, universal milling machine, and precision grinder (all these answers are correct).

The Erie Canal was

A tremendous financial success.

In most parts of the North, before the Civil War, free blacks could

Compete for menial jobs.

Before 1860, the largest single group of arriving Irish immigrants was

Young, single women.

Prior to 1860, the fastest-growing segment in American society was the

Middle class.

In the 1830s, limited liability laws were developed in the United States that

Meant stockholders could not be charged with losses greater than their investment.

Between 1840 and 1860, the overwhelming majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States came from

Ireland and Germany.

Before the 1830s, American corporations could be charted only by

An act of Congress.

The "Know Nothing" movement was partially directed at reducing the influence of

Catholics.

When the Lowell factory system began

Workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories.

American factory workers in early nineteenth-century textile mills largely consisted of

Families and rural, single women.

By the middle of the nineteenth century, merchant capitalists in the United States

Were shifting from trade to manufacturing.

All of the following statements regarding American leisure activities prior to 1860 are true EXCEPT

Unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class.

The growth of commerce and industry allowed more Americans the chance to become prosperous without

Owning land.

In the 1840s, John Deere introduced significant improvements to the

Plow.

After 1852, the "Know-Nothings" created a new political organization called the

American Party.

The commercial and industrial growth in the United States prior to 1860 resulted in

Increasing disparities in income between the rich and poor.

In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick improved grain farming when he patented his

Reaper.

In comparing turnpike transportation to canal transportation,

Canal boats could haul vastly larger loads than could road transports.

Before 1860, compared to Irish immigrants to the United States, German immigrants

Generally arrived with more money.

Prior to 1860, the social institution which most bound together rural Americans was the

Church.

The rise of the American factory system

Led to the creation of skilled workingmen’s craft societies.

By 1860, as a result of the social expectations expressed in the "cult of domesticity,"

Women became increasingly isolated from the public world.

For most American farmers, the 1840s and 1850s was a period of

Rising prosperity due to increased world demand for farm products.

Compared to 1800, in 1860, urban American families

Had a declining birth rate, were more likely to see their children leave home in search of work, and were more likely to see income earners work outside the home (all these answers are correct).

By 1860, the energy for industrialization in the United States increasingly came from

Coal.

national market economy

the idea that the US should function as one economic market that stands alone

regional specialization

differentiation between the regions

nativism

A defensive feeling arises among the native born, which comes with a feeling of hostility towards foreigners. This came in racism, as well as general anger that foreigners were stealing the jobs that rightfully belonged to natives.

Native American Party

Secret societies form to combat "alien menaces". They originate in the Northeast, and spread to the West and South. Nativists hold their first convention in Philadelphia.

Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

Demand that Catholics and foreigners be banned from holding office, mandatory literacy tests for voting, etc.

Know-Nothings

Create political party called the American party. A group coming from the "Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner", the name of the group comes from the password of secrecy the group used, "I know nothing".

American Party

Composed of the Know-Nothings, the group had success in the East in the 1854 elections, and won control of the MA state government.

Erie Canal

The greatest US construction project to date, the Erie Canal used stone aqueducts and gates. It was an immediate financial success, and increased white settlement in the Northwest.

Baltimore and Ohio Company

A railroad company which opened the first railroad track.

Consolidation

Shorter train lines were combined to form longer ones.

Trunk lines

connected existing railroad lines to create a railroad that stretched continuously farther across the country.

Magnetic telegraph (Samuel Morse)

Using morse code, the telegraph connected railroad stations. It provided instant communication between cities, however it separated the North even more from the South.

Rotary press

Faster newspaper printing, promoted news gathering by wire.

Associated Press

Faster newspaper printing method which promoted news gathering by wire.

corporations

begin to compete with small partnerships and individual businesses. as it becomes easier to obtain a charter, it becomes easier to become a corporation.

general incorporation laws

allow a group to gain a charter simply by paying a fee

limited liability

individual stockholders risk losing only their investments if a corporation fails, not the company’s larger losses

factory system

a method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, and then became a lifestyle for many families as they moved away from farming.

interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney & Simeon North)

This made new devices possible, and revolutionized existing tools.

Merchant capitalists

declined as industry grew

Waltham & Lowell System

Relied on young, unmarried women to work in factories/mills. Clean living places were provided, and a rigid curfew system and church were mandatory.

Lowell Female Labor Reform Association

fought for rights of female factory workers, especially that someone come to observe the mills, and a 10 hour workday

Sarah Bagley

organized the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in the 1849s. The group petitoned for the state legislature that there was a 10 hours workday

National Trades’ Union

artisans formed groups in cities all over the country to protect their trades. they were weakened by the panic of 1837.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)

The Supreme Court ruled that unions were lawful, as were strikes.

Mount Holyoke (Mary Lyon)

first college for women

Separate spheres

women began to form social networks and to make friends, separating their home lives from their social lives.

Cult of domesticity

The idea that it is the woman’s responsibility to instruct children and counterbalance the their husbands.

Sentimental novel

A type of novel popular in the eighteenth century, that overemphasizes emotion and or seeks to create emotional responses in the reader.

Minstrel shows

theaters where whites mimicked African-Americans.

P. T. Barnum

Opened the American Museum in NY, and put on freak shows for entertainment.

Truck farming

more quickly supplied food to cities.